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digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What layerof the GI tract is the serosa and what is its prupose?

A

outer tough connective tissue membrane for protection

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2
Q

What does the muscularis extrena of the GI tract do?

A

longitudinal and circular muscle layers for contraction

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3
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

Loose connective tissue, blood vessels and glands for secretion

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4
Q

What are the three layers of the GI tract mucosa?

A

muscularis mucosa (interna), lamina propria made of loose connective tissue, epithelium lining

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5
Q

What is the function of the mucosa layers?

A

function for digestion and absorption of nutrients

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6
Q

What are the two nerve networks in the enteric nervous system?

A

myenteric plexus (Auerbach) and submucosal plexus (Meissner)

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7
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

neuron net between circular and longitiudinal muscle layers

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8
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

A

contorls contraction of muscularis extrena & controls peristalsis, segmentation, haustration and mass movement

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9
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus located?

A

scattered neurons in the submucosal layer

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10
Q

What does the submucosal plexus do?

A

controls contractions of muscularis mucosa (interna) & controls glandular secretion of mucosa

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11
Q

What controls GI secretions and contractions throughout the gut wall?

A

enteric nervous system reflexes

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12
Q

What do the prevertebral sympathetic gangflia reflexes do?

A

transmit signals between GI sections such as gastrocolic, enterogastric and colonoileal

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13
Q

What is the name of the reflexes that respond to pain and defecation?

A

spinal cord and brain stem reflexes

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14
Q

What is the law of the gut?

A

peristalsis

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15
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The GI basic propulsive movement in which a contractile ring moves towards the anus with downstream receptive relaxation

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16
Q

What is mixing?

A

Local intermittent constrictive waves of regular contractions for chopping and mixing the food.

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17
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Concentric contractions that divide the small intestine into small segments

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18
Q

What is haustration?

A

Concentric contractions that divide the large intestine into small haustral segments

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19
Q

What is mass movement?

A

Propulsive contractions that move fecal matter along the large intestine.

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20
Q

In splanchnic circulation; where do the arterial branches come from?

A

from the abdominal aorta

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21
Q

What are the three branches of the celiac trunk and where do they go?

A

hepatic artery proper to the liver, left gastric artery to the stomach and splenic artery to the spleen

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22
Q

Where does the superior mesenteric artery go?

A

small intestine, ascending colon, tansverse colon

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23
Q

Where does the inferior mesenteric artery go?

A

descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum

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24
Q

What does the hepatic portal system consist of?

A

superior mesentric vein, gastic veins, inferior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein

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25
Q

What do the liver reticuloendothelial and hepatic cells do?

A

remove bacteria, detoxify chemicals and absorb nutrients from the venous blood

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26
Q

Where does the hepatic vein drain all the venous blood?

A

inferior vena cava

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27
Q

What does the oral cavity consist of?

A

Cheeks and lips, tongue, and hard and soft palate

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28
Q

What is the space between the cheeks and teeth called?

A

vestibule

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29
Q

What do the hard and soft palate do?

A

Allow breathing and cewing at the same time

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30
Q

What are the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?

A

names of the hard and soft palate

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31
Q

What 2 msucles elevate the teeth to crush food?

A

masseter and temporalis

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32
Q

What 2 muscles swing teeth in side-to-side grinding action of molars?

A

medial and lateril pterygoids

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33
Q

What 2 types of enzymes does saliva include?

A

salivary amylase and lingual lipase

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34
Q

What immunoglobulin inhibits bacterial growth in the saliva?

A

immunoglobulin A

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35
Q

What breaks starch down into disaccharides?

A

salivary amylase which is secreted by salivary glands

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36
Q

What is the only part of swallowing that is under concious control?

A

buccal phase

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37
Q

What does the pharyngeal pahse consist of?

A

soft palate closes nasopharynx & epiglottis closes larynx, food bolus pass from oropharynx into laryngopharynx

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38
Q

When can choking occur?

A

if foood bolus got stuck in the laryngopharynx

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39
Q

What occurs during the esophageal phase?

A

the upper esophageal sphincter open, peristalsis propels food bolus down the esophagus toward the sotamch, lower esophageal sphincter opens and food bolus enters stomach

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40
Q

In the stomach; what begins protein digestion?

A

pepsin

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41
Q

In th estomach; what begins fat digestion?

A

activated lingual lipase

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42
Q

What secretes the proctective mucous of the gastric glands?

A

mucous neck cells

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43
Q

What part of the gastric gland ssecrete HCl and IF?

A

parietal cells

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44
Q

What do the chief cells secrete?

A

pesinogen, gastric lipase and chymocin

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45
Q

What do entroendocrine cells secrete?

A

gastric hormones

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46
Q

What is the bottom most layer of the gastric glands?

A

where regenrative cells produce new cells

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47
Q

What does HCl do?

A

activates pepsin and lingual lipase, break connective tissue and plant cell walls, liquefies food to form chyme, convert ingested ferric ions to ferrous ions for absorption an duse in hemoglobin synthesis, destroys ingested bacteria and pathogens

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48
Q

What is intrinsic factor needed for?

A

B12 absorption by small intestine & is necessary for RBCs production and maturation

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49
Q

What does gastric lipase produced by cheif cells do?

A

digest fat- specifically butter fat of milk in infants

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50
Q

Chymosin

A

curdles milk by coagulation proteins

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51
Q

What is pepsin secreted as? What converts it to active pepsin?

A

secreted as inactive pepsinogen zymogens

HCl converts it to active pepsin

52
Q

What nerve stimulates gastric secretion even before food is swallowed?

A

the vagus nerve

53
Q

Food stetches the stomach and activates ____ and _____ reflexes

A

myenteric and vagovagal

54
Q

What is the small intestine covered with?

A

lined with villi, covered with a simple columnaer mucous membrane

55
Q

What is the single lymph capillary in the small intestine called?

A

a lacteal which absorbs most fat

56
Q

What are the 3 function fo the small intestine?

A

mechanical digestion, chemical digestiona dn absorption of most substances

57
Q

What are the 6 gastrointestinal hormones?

A
  • gastrin- stimulates gastric acid secretion and mucousal growth
  • cholecystokinin- stimulates pancreatic enymes and bicarb secretions, stim gallbladder contractions and gastric emptying
  • secretin- stim pepsin and bicard secretion, inhibits gastric emptying
  • gastric inhibitory peptide- stim insulin secretion, inhib gastric acid secretion
  • motilin- stim gastric and intestinal motility
58
Q

What cells are the 6 gastrointestinal hormones secreted from?

A 
gastrin- G cells
cholecystokinin- I cells
secretin- S cells
gastric inhibitory peptide- K cells
motilin- M cells
59
Q

What are acinar cells?

A

exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes into ducts

60
Q

What cells secrete bicarbonates and what do the bicarbonates do?

A

duct cells

bicarb buffers the acidic chyme from stomach and raise its pH from 2-3 to 7-8

61
Q

Where is cholecystokinin (CCK) released from and in response to what?

A

released from duodenum in response to arrival of acid and fat

62
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

causes contraction of gallbladder, secretion of the acinar cells pancreatic enzymes and relaxtion of the hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)

63
Q

Where is secretin released from?

A

released from duodenum in presonse to the presence of acidic chyme

64
Q

What does secretin stimulate?

A

stimulates all ductal cells to secrete more bicarbonate

65
Q

Where is gastrin released from?

A

stomach and duodenum

66
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

weakly stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

67
Q

What are enzymes secreted as?

A

inactive zymogens

68
Q

trypsinogen activated to trypsin by ____ enzyme from duodenum epithelium cells.

A

entrokinase

69
Q

chemotrypsinogen activated to ____ by the _____ enzyme

A

chemotrypsin

trypsin

70
Q

procarboxypeptidase activated by the _____ enzyme to _______

A

trypsin

carboxypeptidase

71
Q

What are remaining starch digested into after protein digestion and how?

A

remaining starch is digested in intestine by pancreatic amylase into disaccharides

72
Q

What are triglycerides digested by?

A

digested in the small intestine by pancreatic lipase

73
Q

What does the digestion of a triglyceride yield?

A

a monoglyceride molecule and two fatty acid molecules

74
Q

What is required from the gallbladder for lipase to digest fat more efficiently?

A

Bile

75
Q

What is biles pathway?

A

hepatocytes secrete bile
bile flows from the liver through hepatic ducts into the gallbladder
bile flows from gallbladder down the bile duct into duodenum to mix with and emulsify the fat

76
Q

What stores and concentrates bile?

A

gallbladder

77
Q

What forms the common bile duct?

A

common hepatic duct and cystic duct from gallbladder unite

78
Q

Before bile and pancreatic juices can enter the duodenum; what occurs?

A

common bile ducts unites with pancreatic duct

79
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

(1) Carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism
(2) Removal of waste products & detoxification
(3) Storage of glycogen, vitamins and iron
(4) Phagocytosis by Kupffer cells
(5) Activation of vitamin D to Calcidiol
(6) Bile synthesis and secretion
(7) Plasma proteins synthesis

80
Q

Where are brush border enzymes located?

A

on microvilli of intestinal absorptive cells

81
Q

What do peptidases digest?

A

peptides to amino acids

82
Q

What do intestinal lipases digest?

A

fats to glycerol & fatty acids

83
Q

What do disaccharidases digest?

A

digest disaccharides to monosaccharides

84
Q

What disaccharidase and resulting monosacchrides of sucrose?

A

sucrase

results in glucose and fructose

85
Q

What disaccharidase and resulting monosacchrides of maltose?

A

maltase

results in glucose and glucose

86
Q

What disaccharidase and resulting monosacchrides of lactose?

A

lactase

results in glucose and galactose

87
Q

How are DNA and RNA absorbed in the small intestine?

A

hydrolyzed by nucleases to nucleotides
nucleosidases and phosphatases of brush border split them into phosphate ions, ribose or deoxyribose sugar and nitogenous bases then absorbed

88
Q

How are vitamins absorbed in the small intestine?

A

unchanged
A, D, E and K with other lipids
B complex and C by simple diffusion and B12 bound to intrinsic factor

89
Q

How are mineral absorbed in the small intestine?

A

absorbed all along the small intestine

  • sodium co-transported w sugars and amino acids
  • Cl- exchanged for bicarb
  • iron and calcium absorbed as needed
90
Q

What type of epithelia cells line the large intestine?

A

simple columnar mucosa

91
Q

What are 4 function of large intestine?

A

(1) Feces formation
(2) Limited digestion of undigested food by bacteria
(3) Formation of vitamin K and some B vitamins by bacteria
(4) Absorption of some water, electrolytes, vitamins and bile salts

92
Q

How much water does the digestive tract receive a day? How much water is absorbed in the small intestine and the large intestine?

A

9 L/day
small intestine: 8 L/day
large intestine: 0.8 L/day

93
Q

How is water absorbed?

A

by osmosis following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients

94
Q

When does diarrhea occur?

A

when too little water is absorbed

  • feces pass thru too quickly if GI is irritated
  • feces contain high conc. of an unabsorbed solute such as lactose or chloride
95
Q

What is constipation caused by?

A

poor motility causes greater absorption and hardens feces in transverse colon

96
Q

What does feces consist of?

A

water, bacteria, undigested fiber, mucus, fat and sloughed epithelial cells

97
Q

What are haustral contractions stimulated by?

A

distention

98
Q

When does mass movement occur and what triggers it?

A

1 to 3 times a day

triggered by gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes from stomach and duodenum filling

99
Q

Is made of smooth muscle fibers, relaxed by parasympathetic pelvic nerve stimulation, constricted by sympathetic hypogastric nerve stimulate.. what am I?

A

internal anal sphincter

100
Q

Is made of skeletal muscle fibers, innervated by the pudendal nerve, and under voluntary conscious control… what am I?

A

external anal sphincter

101
Q

What does an intrinsic reflex do?

A

activates mass movement that fill the rectum and stimulate rectal stretch receptors

102
Q

What does a spinal cord reflex do?

A

cause contraction of the rectum and relaxtion of the internal anal sphincter via parasympathetic pelvic nerve signals

103
Q

What does a pudendal nerve reflex do?

A

causes concious voluntary relaxtion of the external sphincter and defecation

104
Q

What is esophagitis?

A

inflammation of esophageal mucosa

105
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

difficulty swalling caused by any esophageal obstructions or paralysis

106
Q

What is paralysis of the swallowing mechanism caused by?

A

muscle dystrophy, myasthenia gravis or diseases that damage the swallowing center

107
Q

What is achalasia?

A

failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter during swallowing due to myenteric plexus damage

108
Q

In achalasia, food accumulation occurs above the sphincter, what is this called?

A

megaesophagus

109
Q

What is gastritis?

A

inflammation of the gastric mucosa due to gastric barrier damage

110
Q

What is achlorhydria?

A

complete failure of hydrochloric acid secretion by the gastric glands

111
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

intrinsic factor deficiency due to chronic gastritis

112
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

excoriated areas of GI mucosa caused by the digestive action of gastric secretions

113
Q

What is the small intestine abnormal digestion disorder caused by?

A

can be caused by failure of secretion of pancreatic enzymes due to pancreatitis or pancreatic duct block

114
Q

What is the small intestine disorder tropical sprue?

A

malabsorption due to bacterial inflammation of the intestinal mucosa

115
Q

What is the small intestine disorder nontropical sprue?

A

malabsorption caused by the toxic effect of gluten as in celiac disease and gluten–sensitive enteropathy

116
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease? (large intestine)

A

lack of ganglion cells int he myenteric plexus causes absence of the defecation reflexes and fecal accumulation in the sigmoid colon forming a megacolon

117
Q

What is infectious diarrhea in the large intestine?

A

caused by viral or bacterial enteritis infections int he large intestine

118
Q

What is psychogenic diarrhea in the large intestine?

A

caused by excessive stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous ssytem during periods of high nervous tension

119
Q

What is ulcerative colitis in the large intestine?

A

extensive ulceration of the large intestine mucosa caused by allergic or immune destruction leading to severe diarrhea

120
Q

What is paralysis of defecation?

A

can be caused by destruction of the conus medullaris nucleus in spinal cord injuries

121
Q

What is nausea?

A

subconscious excitation of the vomiting center by irritative impulses fromt he GI tract, lower brain or cerebral cortex

122
Q

What is vomiting used for?

A

the means by which the upper GI tract gets rid of its content
can be initiated by irritative impulses to the vomiting center or the chemoreceptor trigger zone

123
Q

What is ascites?

A

accumulation of fluid and protein in the abdominal cavity due to decreased pplasma proteins or high protal capillary pressure

124
Q

What can be causes for obstructions in the GI tract?

A

due to cancer, fibrotic adhesions or paralysis

125
Q

What is flatus?

A

gases accumulation in the GI tract from swallowed nitrogen in the air or bacterial action in the large intestine generaitng hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide, indole and skatole

126
Q

What are 5 causes of ulcers in the stomach?

A
  • high acid and peptic content
  • irritation
  • poor blood supply
  • poor secretion of mucus
  • infection, H. pylori

physio (14 decks)

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