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endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Are gonads considered endocrine glands or endocrine tissues?

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

Define hormones.

A

Hormones are chemical regulators of various body functions such as growth and reproduction

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3
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

They’re secreted into the blood and transported by the blood to affect the functions of their target cells.

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4
Q

What is the general scheme of hormone function?

A

stimulus–> gland with hormone in it–> hormone secretion–> to the blood–> blood transports hormone to the target cell–> action

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5
Q

Compounds acting as hormones are classified according to their chemical structure. What are the three divisions?

A

Steroids, amines, proteins & polypeptides

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6
Q

What are hormones made of 100 or more amino acids called?

A

proteins (less than 100 is a polypeptide)

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7
Q

Where do steroid hormones bind?

A

to cytoplasmic receptors and increase protein synthesis by mitochondria and ribosomes

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8
Q

Where do thyroid hormones bind?

A

to nuclear receptors and increase gene transcription in the cell nucleus

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9
Q

Where do hormones other than steroid or thyroid hormones bind?

A

to cell membrane receptors and activate cAMP, DAG, or inositol triphosphate second messanger systems

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10
Q

When blood level of the endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum value, it inhibits secretion of the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones that stimulate the gland. What is the control of secretion called?

A

Negative feedback secretion

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11
Q

When the response to an endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum level, it increases secretion of the hormone that stimulate the response. What is the control of secretion called?

A

Positive feedback

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12
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

central area of the basal brain limbic system (back of the head, towards the bottom)

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13
Q

What are the hypothalamic hormones?

A

they makes the endocrine system work

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14
Q

What are the 9 hypothalamic hormones?

A

GHRH, GHIH (somatostatin), PRH, PIH (dopamine), CRH, GnRH, TRH, ADH, OT

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15
Q

Where are OT and ADH secreted from?

A

Posterior pituitary

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16
Q

What ar ethe two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)

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17
Q

What is the posterior pituitary?

A

derived form neural brain tissue and connects to the hypothalamus by the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract (secreteds ADH and OT)

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18
Q

What is the anterior pituitary?

A

derived from ectodermal tissue in the roof of the embryonic mouth and connects to the hypothalamus by the hypophyseal portal blood vessels

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19
Q

Both nuclei of the hypothalamus, paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus, produce both OT and ADH but whihc produces which dominantly?

A

paraventricular- OT

supraoptic- ADH

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20
Q

A polypeptide hormones of 9 amino acids. Target tissue are kidneys, sweat glands and the blood arterioles, what hormone am I?

A

ADH (vasopressin)

  • causes kidneys and sweat glands to conserve water to increase blood volume
  • causes vasoconstriction of arterioles to increase blood pressure
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21
Q

A polypeptide hormone of 9 amino aicds. Target tissues are the smooth muscles of reproductive system of both sexes. What hormone am I?

A

OT
male- contraction of smooth muscles during ejaculation
female- labor contractions and release of milk from mammary glands

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22
Q

Somatotropes

A

human growth hormone (hGH)

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23
Q

Corticotropes

A

Adrenocortecotropin (ACTH)

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24
Q

Thyrotropes

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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25
Q

Lactotropes

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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26
Q

Gonadotropes

A

Gonadotropic Hormones (follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH))

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27
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism caused by?

A

GH hyposecretion in children and adolescents resulting in a small body

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28
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

GH hypersecretion in adults– causes soft bones to grown

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29
Q

What tissue does th TSH target?

A

thyroid gland- stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones

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30
Q

What tissue does ACTH target?

A

adrenal cortex, stimulates secretion of the adrenal cortex hormones

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31
Q

What tissue does prolactin target (PRL)?

A

mammary glands- only one that doesn’t target a hormonal tissue- stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in concert with other hormones

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32
Q

Gonadotropins are what and target what tissues?

A

FSH and LH
target the ovaries and the testes
control female and male reproductive physiology

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33
Q

All the hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are controlled by ____ _____ from peripheral endocrine glands hormones.

A

negative feedback

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34
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A

superior to the heart

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35
Q

What does they thymus gland secrete?

A

thymopoietin and thymosin hormones that regulate the developement anf activation of the T-lymphocytes

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36
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

found in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain (above the hypothalamus and pituitary gland)

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37
Q

The pineal gland secretes what?

A

serotonin by day and melatonin at night

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38
Q

What are the eight steps of thyroid hormone synthesis?

A 
Iodide trapping
Synthesis of thyroglobulin
oxidation of iodide
organification of tyrosine
coupling of T1 & T2
Pinocytosis
Secretion of T3 & T4
Transport of T3 & T4
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39
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

in the neck below the voice box (larynx)

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40
Q

What is the difference between RT3 (3,3’,5’) and T3 (3,5,3’)?

A

reverse T3 is not active and will be rebroken and reused

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41
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

decrease blood calcium levels

42
Q

Define the thyroid gland disorder Cretinism.

A

Thyroid dwarfism
too little secretion of thyroid hormones during fetal development and infancy (first 2 years)
severe forms of mental and physicla retardation in newborn

43
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Immune diease that attacks the follicular cells causing hypothyroidism in adults

44
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

Immune disease that activates the follicular cells to produce a lot of thyroid hormone

45
Q

What is endemic colloid goiter?

A

insufficient dietary iodine to make T3 and T4
causes over secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary gland– excessive activation and overgrowth of the thyroid gland follicles
(happens in certain regions such as desert)

46
Q

What are the main functions of the parathyroid hormone (4)?

A

mobilizes calcium and phosphate
decreases calcium excretion
increases phosphate excretion
increases intestinal absorption

47
Q

How are the effects of parathyroid hormone on cells mediated?

A

by the cAMP second messanger system

48
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

decreases calcium plasma level by
inhibiting osteolysis and osteoclastic bone reabsorption
decreasing calcium absorption by the intestines
decreasing calcium reabsorption by the kidneys

49
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

A

When the parathyroid is surgically removed (accidentally) causing blood calcium levels to drop low. This causes death in 2 days from tetanus.

50
Q

What are sokme symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

renal stone formation (calcium) and soft fragile deformed bones

51
Q

From the medulla of the adrenal gland outward, what are the 3 zona layers in order?

A

zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa

52
Q

The adrenal medulla is related to the sympathetic nervous system. What are the main functions?

A

secrete epi and NE, which increase heart activity, vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, cellular metabolic rate
decreases urine output

53
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa excrete and what effect does it have on the body?

A

contains aldosterone synthase- secretes mainly aldosterone which increases renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium in urine

54
Q

Aldosterone deficiency causes _____ and cardiac toxicity.

A

hyperkalemia

55
Q

Excess aldosterone causes ______ and muscle weakness.

A

hypokalemia

56
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete and what effect does it have on the body?

A

secrete glucocorticoids, mainly corticosterone and cortisol, plus some androgens and estrogens
glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis and decrease glucose utilization by the body cells
glucocorticoids also increase blood amino acids & blood fatty acids
anti-inflammatory and important in resisting stress

57
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete and what effect does it have on the body?

A

secretes the male sex steroids androstenedione and DHEA

58
Q

Secretion of both zona fasciculata and zona reticularis is controlled by the hypothalamic ___ ___ ___ and the anterior pituitary ____ ____.

A 
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
59
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

hypoadrenalism- autoimmune atrophy or injury of the adrenal glands that causes the inability to secrete sufficient adrenocortical hormones

60
Q

When talking about Addison’s disease; aldosterone deficiency causes what?

A

hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, cardiac shock and death

61
Q

When talking about Addison’s disease; cortisol deficiency causes what?

A

decrease in body energy mobilization and inability to resist stress leasing to Addisonian Crisis

62
Q

What is the cause of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

hyperadrenalism- hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex hormones due to excess ACTH or cortisol secretion by adenomas of the hypothalamus , anterior pituitary or adrenals

63
Q

What are some symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

mobilization of fats- ‘moon face’, ‘buffalo hump’

mobilization of proteins- muscle wasting and weakness

64
Q

What is the treatment for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

surgival removal of adenomas, radiation or drugs that block steroidogenesis

65
Q

What is the cause for Conn’s syndrome?

A

hypersecretion of aldosterone by a tumor of the zona granulosa cells

66
Q

What are symptooms of Conn’s syndrome?

A

excess aldosterone- hypokalemia (causes occasional muscle paralysis), metabolic alkalosis, increased blood volume, hypertension, decreased plasma renin

67
Q

What is the treatment for Conn’s syndrome?

A

surgical removal of the tumor or receptor antagonistic drugs

68
Q

What is the cause for adrenogenital syndrome?

A

excessive secretion of the androgens androstenedione and DHEA from adrenocortical tumor.

69
Q

What are the symptoms in adrenogenital syndrome?

A

in females- virilization, masculinization, beard growth, baldness, clitoris enlargement.
in prepubertal male- early puberty and rapid development of male sex organs

70
Q

what is the treatment for adrenogenital syndrome?

A

surgical removal of the tumor

71
Q

What do the endocrine and exocrine parts of the pancreas secrete?

A

endocrine- 5 hormones (pancreatic islets of langerhans)

exocrine- digestive enzymes (acini)

72
Q

The endocrine part of the pancreas secretes 5 different hormones. What are the cell names and the hormones?

A

alpha- glucagon
beta- insulin & amylin
delta- somatostatin
PP- pancreatic polypeptide

73
Q

What protein is insulin secreted equally with?

A

C-protien

74
Q

What stimulates insulin secretion?

A

increased glucose, amino acids and fatty acid blood levels after a meal

75
Q

What does insulin do?

A

decreases blood glucose levels, increases liver uptake of glucose & storage of excess glucose as glycogen in the liver, increases glucose storage as glycogen in muscles, increases fat synthesis and storage, increases protein synthesis and storage

76
Q

Glucagon is synthesized by the alpha cells in the pancreas. What stimulates its secretion and what is glucagon’s mechanism of action?

A
  • secretion stimulated bu decreased blood glucose levels, inc blood amino acid levels, or exercise
  • glucagon binds to cell membrane receptors that acitvates adenylyl cyclase, cAMP and protein kinase
77
Q

What stimulates the secretion of somatostatin?

A

increased blood levels of glucose, fatty acids and GI hormones

78
Q

What is the role of somatostatin?

A

inhibts insulin, glucagon and growth hormone secretion

inhibits motility, secretion and absorption in GI tract

79
Q

What is the range for a normal fasting plasma glucose levels in adults?

A

80-100 mg/dL

80
Q

What plasma levels would be indicative of someone with diabetes mellitus?

A

fasting plasma glucose >110 mg/dL or random level is >200 mg/dL

81
Q

What test results may be indicative of diabetes mellitus?

A

impaired glucose tolerance test, glucose in urine, high plasma insulin

82
Q

What are 6 characteristics of diabetes mellitus?

A

hyperglycemia, polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, glucosuria, asthenia

83
Q

What occurs in type I diabetics if they inject too much insulin?

A

Insulin Shock

84
Q

Why do type I diabetics enter metabolic acidosis without insulin injection?

A

they will have excessive fatty acid oxidation for energy and the production of keto acids because they glucose being ingested cannot be used

85
Q

In type II diabetes; why is there an insulin resistance?

A

fewer insulin receptors or a defect in the insulin signaling pathway

86
Q

Would a person with type II diabetes (unmanaged) usually have high or low plasma insulin levels?

A

High because they’re trying to compensate for the receptor resistance

87
Q

Impaired gucose uptake in type II diabetics can lead to what? at what plasma glucose level?

A

diabetic coma when plasma glucose levels rise to 1000 mg/dL or more

88
Q

What are possible treatments for type II diabetics?

A

weight loss, drugs, beta cell exhaustion

89
Q

Name 3 drugs used in type II diabetics and what they do?

A

thiazolidinediones- increase insulin sensitivity
sulfonylureas- increase beta cells insulin release
metformin- suppress liver glucose production

90
Q

What are metabolic consequences of chronic diabetes?

A

arterosclerosis, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, hypertension

91
Q

What is insulinoma?

A

hyperinsulinemia- excessive insulin secretion form an adenoma of the pancreatic islets or from excessive insulin injections

92
Q

What do granulosa cells produce and where are they located?

A

estradiol

in wall of ovarian follicle

93
Q

What do corpus luteum cells produce?

A

progesterone

94
Q

What are the functions of estradiol and progesterone?

A

development of female rep system, bone growth, secondary sexual characteristics
regulate menstrual cycle and sustain pregnancy
prepare mammary glands for lactation

95
Q

What does the interstitial cells in the testes produce?

A

testosterone

96
Q

What do the sertoli cells in the testes secrete?

A

inhib which surpresses FSH secretion and stabilizes sperm production rates

97
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide that the heart produces do?

A

lowers blood volume and pressure by increasing sodium and water loss by the kidneys

98
Q

Where is vitamin D3 produced?

A

the skin

the liver converts it to calcidiol

99
Q

What 4 hormones are produced in the liver?

A

erythropoietin, angiotensin, hepcidin, and calcidiol

100
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D and how is it made?

A

calcitriol

skin produces vitamin D3–> liver converts D3 to calcidiol–> kidneys convery calcidiol to calcitriol

101
Q

What hormone does adipose tissue produce?

A

leptin

physio (14 decks)

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