female reproductive Flashcards
ovaries
produce eggs and hormones
uterine tubes
transport the eggs into the uterus
uterus
where fetal development occurs
vagina
birth canal
external genitalia
constitute the vuvla
What is the capsule of the ovary called?
tunica albuginea
What is below the capsule of the ovary?
cortex– contains follicles with egg cells
What is the medulla of the ovary composed as?
connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatics
What are the 4 functions of the ovarian follicle?
1) contain oocytes in various stages of development
2) secrete estrogens
3) secrete progesterone
4) the Mature (Graafian) follicle releases an oocyte each month during ovulation
What does secretion of estrogen from ovarian follicles do?
that function for: developpments of female reproductive organs; growth and repair of uterine endometrium, development of the breast stroma, fat and ducts; regulation of the monthly female cycle; development of the female secondary sexual characteristics, maintenance of bone and muscle tissues
What does secretion of progesterone fromm ovarian follicles do?
- promote secretory changes in the uterine endometrium
- promote secretory changes in the fallopian tubes
- development of the breasts lobules and alveoli
What are the two stages of follicular development?
1) primordial follice- single layer of squamous cells around the oocyte
2) primary follicle- many layers of cuboidal granulosa cells around the oocyte secrete estrogen
In the ovarian follicle, what causes a rapid growth of primary follicles form 6 to 12?
increased pituitary FSH secretion
In the ovarian follicle, proliferation of granulosa cells form more layers secreting what?
estrogens and follicular fluid
What do the spindle cells from the ovary interstitium form?
theca externa and theca interna layers secreting estrogens and progesterone
Antral follicles grow into _____ ______.
vesicular follicles
What is ovulation (when talking about the ovarian follicle)?
follicle ruptures releasing oocyte surrounded by the corona radiata
What hormone causes rapid growth, swelling and the maturation o f one follicle 2 days before ovulation?
LH
What secretes more progesterone during ovulation?
granulosa and theca cells
When is the ovum released and what is it surrounded by?
- surrounded by corona radiata
- released 14 days before menstruation
What forms lutein cells?
granulosa and theca cells in the ruptured follicle under LH
Theca cells secrete ____ which are then converted to estrogens by ___ enzyme.
androgens
aromatase enzyme
lutein cells degenerate into ____ ____ after 12 days.
corpus albicans
What 4 things does the corpus luteum secrete?
progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, inhibin
What does progesterone do?
completes the preparation of uterine lining
What does inhibin do?
decrease secretion of FSH and LH
What is the corpus albicans?
white scar tissue left after the corpus luteum dies
What are oogonia and what is it called when they degenerate?
primordial germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary and become potential egg cells
-when they degenerate- atresia
How many primary oocytes are present at birth (immature eggs cells)?
1-2 million
What inhibits further development of the oocytes during childhood?
granulosa cells oocyte inhibiting factor
what is the infundibulum?
open, funnel shaped portion near the ovary
what ar ethe fimbriae?
finger like processes at the end of the infundibulum
What is the ampulla of the fallopian tubes?
central region of the tube
What are the function of the fallopian tubes?
fimbriae sweep oocyte into the tube, cilia and peristasis move it along, sperm reaches oocyte in ampulla, fertilization occurs within 24 hours of ovulation, zygote reaches uterus about 7 days after ovulation
what are the three parts of the uterus?
fundus, body and cervix
What kind of cells is the endometirum made of?
simple columnar epithelium
What does the basal sublayer do in the endometrium?
replaces the functional layer each motnh after menstruation
What is the hormonal cycle?
a monthly hormonal cycle form the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovary
What is the ovarian cycle?
chanfes in ovary during development of the follicle and oocyte, ovulation and corupus luteum formation
What is the uterine cycle?
changes in the uterine endometrium lining
Where is GnRH secreted from?
hypothalamus
What does GnRH do?
stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
What two hormone stimulate the ovarian secretion of estorgens and progesterone?
FSH and LH
What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?
1) follicular phase
2) luteal phase
What occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
- FSH stimulates follicle growth
- primordial follicle –> mature (Graafian) follicle
- granulosa and theca cells secrete estrogen and inhibin
- inc levels of estrogen and inhibin inhibit FSH
- inc estrogen stimulates LH
What does LH stimulate in the follicular phase?
rupture of the mature follicle and release of the oocyte from the ovary
What occurs during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle? (after ovulaiton)
- LH stimulates development of corpus luteum from ovulated or ruptured follicle
- corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone and some estrogens
- progesterone prepares endometrium for possible pregnancy
What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?
1) proliferative phase
2) secretory phase
3) menstruation phase
What occurs in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
rising estrigen levels from the growing follicle cells stimulate growth of the funcitonal layer of the uterine endometrium from 4-10mm thickness
What occurs in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
- corpus luteum of ovary secretes progesterone
- progesterone then stimulates increased thickness of functional layer of uterine endometrium, increases blood supply into the endometrium , growth of endometrial glands and secretion of uterine milk
What occurs during the mestruation phase of the uterine cycle?
- decline in progesterone levels causing functional layer of the endometrium to be discharged reuslting in vaginal bleeding
- mark the end of one cycle and the beginning of the next
When does fertilization occur?
can only occur if intercourse happened 4-5 days before or a few hours after ovulation
What is the rhythm method?
- AVOIDING INTERCOURSE NEAR THE PREDICTED TIME OF OVULATION.
- THE INTERVAL FROM OVULATION TO MENSTRUATION IS 13 – 15 DAYS.
- REGULAR PERIODICITY OF THE CYCLE IS ESSENTIAL FOR SUCCESS.
What does ‘the pill’ do?
hormonal supression of ovulation by preventing the preovulatory LH surge
When there are no anatomical abnormalitlies in the female genital organs, what is infertility due to?
abnormal physiological funciton of the genital system or abnormal genetic ovum development
What is the most common cause of female infertility?
hyposecretion of LH leading to failure of the preovulatory LH surge
What is endometriosis?
growth of endometrial tissues in the pelvic cavity surrounding the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
Fibrosis around the ovaries prevent ____ and ____ release.
ovulation
ovum release
Fibrosis of the fallopian tubes prevent __ ___ and fertilization.
ovum transport
What is salpingitis?
inflammation of the fallopian tubes causing fibrosis or occlution
When is a viscous cervical mucus plug formed?
formed due to low-grade cervical infections or abnormal hormonal stimulation othe cervix
-prevent uterine sperm mobility
If no pregnancy, increasing levels of progesterone cause ___ feedback that ___ LH secretion.
negative feedback
inhibits
What happens to the corpus luteum when no pregnancy occurs?
atrophies to corpus albicans or white body
If pregnancy does not occur, what happens to progesterone and estrogen levels?
decline
Starting a new cycle, what starts a new cycle of follicle growth in ovaries and endometrium preparation in uterus?
renewed secretion of GnRH, FSH and LH
What is menarche?
first menstruation cycle
What is anovulatory cycle?
cycle without ovulation
What is amenorrhea?
periodic cessation of menstruation
what is menopause?
complete cessation of menstruation
What is eunuchism?
no ovaries form birth
What is hypogonadism?
less than normal hormonal secretion by the ovaries
