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physio > female reproductive > Flashcards

female reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

ovaries

A

produce eggs and hormones

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2
Q

uterine tubes

A

transport the eggs into the uterus

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3
Q

uterus

A

where fetal development occurs

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4
Q

vagina

A

birth canal

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5
Q

external genitalia

A

constitute the vuvla

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6
Q

What is the capsule of the ovary called?

A

tunica albuginea

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7
Q

What is below the capsule of the ovary?

A

cortex– contains follicles with egg cells

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8
Q

What is the medulla of the ovary composed as?

A

connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatics

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9
Q

What are the 4 functions of the ovarian follicle?

A

1) contain oocytes in various stages of development
2) secrete estrogens
3) secrete progesterone
4) the Mature (Graafian) follicle releases an oocyte each month during ovulation

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10
Q

What does secretion of estrogen from ovarian follicles do?

A

that function for: developpments of female reproductive organs; growth and repair of uterine endometrium, development of the breast stroma, fat and ducts; regulation of the monthly female cycle; development of the female secondary sexual characteristics, maintenance of bone and muscle tissues

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11
Q

What does secretion of progesterone fromm ovarian follicles do?

A
  • promote secretory changes in the uterine endometrium
  • promote secretory changes in the fallopian tubes
  • development of the breasts lobules and alveoli
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12
Q

What are the two stages of follicular development?

A

1) primordial follice- single layer of squamous cells around the oocyte
2) primary follicle- many layers of cuboidal granulosa cells around the oocyte secrete estrogen

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13
Q

In the ovarian follicle, what causes a rapid growth of primary follicles form 6 to 12?

A

increased pituitary FSH secretion

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14
Q

In the ovarian follicle, proliferation of granulosa cells form more layers secreting what?

A

estrogens and follicular fluid

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15
Q

What do the spindle cells from the ovary interstitium form?

A

theca externa and theca interna layers secreting estrogens and progesterone

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16
Q

Antral follicles grow into _____ ______.

A

vesicular follicles

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17
Q

What is ovulation (when talking about the ovarian follicle)?

A

follicle ruptures releasing oocyte surrounded by the corona radiata

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18
Q

What hormone causes rapid growth, swelling and the maturation o f one follicle 2 days before ovulation?

A

LH

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19
Q

What secretes more progesterone during ovulation?

A

granulosa and theca cells

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20
Q

When is the ovum released and what is it surrounded by?

A
  • surrounded by corona radiata

- released 14 days before menstruation

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21
Q

What forms lutein cells?

A

granulosa and theca cells in the ruptured follicle under LH

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22
Q

Theca cells secrete ____ which are then converted to estrogens by ___ enzyme.

A

androgens

aromatase enzyme

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23
Q

lutein cells degenerate into ____ ____ after 12 days.

A

corpus albicans

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24
Q

What 4 things does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, inhibin

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25
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

completes the preparation of uterine lining

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26
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

decrease secretion of FSH and LH

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27
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

white scar tissue left after the corpus luteum dies

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28
Q

What are oogonia and what is it called when they degenerate?

A

primordial germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary and become potential egg cells
-when they degenerate- atresia

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29
Q

How many primary oocytes are present at birth (immature eggs cells)?

A

1-2 million

30
Q

What inhibits further development of the oocytes during childhood?

A

granulosa cells oocyte inhibiting factor

31
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

open, funnel shaped portion near the ovary

32
Q

what ar ethe fimbriae?

A

finger like processes at the end of the infundibulum

33
Q

What is the ampulla of the fallopian tubes?

A

central region of the tube

34
Q

What are the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

fimbriae sweep oocyte into the tube, cilia and peristasis move it along, sperm reaches oocyte in ampulla, fertilization occurs within 24 hours of ovulation, zygote reaches uterus about 7 days after ovulation

35
Q

what are the three parts of the uterus?

A

fundus, body and cervix

36
Q

What kind of cells is the endometirum made of?

A

simple columnar epithelium

37
Q

What does the basal sublayer do in the endometrium?

A

replaces the functional layer each motnh after menstruation

38
Q

What is the hormonal cycle?

A

a monthly hormonal cycle form the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovary

39
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

chanfes in ovary during development of the follicle and oocyte, ovulation and corupus luteum formation

40
Q

What is the uterine cycle?

A

changes in the uterine endometrium lining

41
Q

Where is GnRH secreted from?

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

43
Q

What two hormone stimulate the ovarian secretion of estorgens and progesterone?

A

FSH and LH

44
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

1) follicular phase

2) luteal phase

45
Q

What occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • FSH stimulates follicle growth
  • primordial follicle –> mature (Graafian) follicle
  • granulosa and theca cells secrete estrogen and inhibin
  • inc levels of estrogen and inhibin inhibit FSH
  • inc estrogen stimulates LH
46
Q

What does LH stimulate in the follicular phase?

A

rupture of the mature follicle and release of the oocyte from the ovary

47
Q

What occurs during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle? (after ovulaiton)

A
  • LH stimulates development of corpus luteum from ovulated or ruptured follicle
  • corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone and some estrogens
  • progesterone prepares endometrium for possible pregnancy
48
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

A

1) proliferative phase
2) secretory phase
3) menstruation phase

49
Q

What occurs in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

rising estrigen levels from the growing follicle cells stimulate growth of the funcitonal layer of the uterine endometrium from 4-10mm thickness

50
Q

What occurs in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A
  • corpus luteum of ovary secretes progesterone
  • progesterone then stimulates increased thickness of functional layer of uterine endometrium, increases blood supply into the endometrium , growth of endometrial glands and secretion of uterine milk
51
Q

What occurs during the mestruation phase of the uterine cycle?

A
  • decline in progesterone levels causing functional layer of the endometrium to be discharged reuslting in vaginal bleeding
  • mark the end of one cycle and the beginning of the next
52
Q

When does fertilization occur?

A

can only occur if intercourse happened 4-5 days before or a few hours after ovulation

53
Q

What is the rhythm method?

A
  • AVOIDING INTERCOURSE NEAR THE PREDICTED TIME OF OVULATION.
  • THE INTERVAL FROM OVULATION TO MENSTRUATION IS 13 – 15 DAYS.
  • REGULAR PERIODICITY OF THE CYCLE IS ESSENTIAL FOR SUCCESS.
54
Q

What does ‘the pill’ do?

A

hormonal supression of ovulation by preventing the preovulatory LH surge

55
Q

When there are no anatomical abnormalitlies in the female genital organs, what is infertility due to?

A

abnormal physiological funciton of the genital system or abnormal genetic ovum development

56
Q

What is the most common cause of female infertility?

A

hyposecretion of LH leading to failure of the preovulatory LH surge

57
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

growth of endometrial tissues in the pelvic cavity surrounding the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries

58
Q

Fibrosis around the ovaries prevent ____ and ____ release.

A

ovulation

ovum release

59
Q

Fibrosis of the fallopian tubes prevent __ ___ and fertilization.

A

ovum transport

60
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

inflammation of the fallopian tubes causing fibrosis or occlution

61
Q

When is a viscous cervical mucus plug formed?

A

formed due to low-grade cervical infections or abnormal hormonal stimulation othe cervix
-prevent uterine sperm mobility

62
Q

If no pregnancy, increasing levels of progesterone cause ___ feedback that ___ LH secretion.

A

negative feedback

inhibits

63
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum when no pregnancy occurs?

A

atrophies to corpus albicans or white body

64
Q

If pregnancy does not occur, what happens to progesterone and estrogen levels?

A

decline

65
Q

Starting a new cycle, what starts a new cycle of follicle growth in ovaries and endometrium preparation in uterus?

A

renewed secretion of GnRH, FSH and LH

66
Q

What is menarche?

A

first menstruation cycle

67
Q

What is anovulatory cycle?

A

cycle without ovulation

68
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

periodic cessation of menstruation

69
Q

what is menopause?

A

complete cessation of menstruation

70
Q

What is eunuchism?

A

no ovaries form birth

71
Q

What is hypogonadism?

A

less than normal hormonal secretion by the ovaries

physio (14 decks)

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