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physio > cerebral cortex and higher cog function > Flashcards

cerebral cortex and higher cog function Flashcards

1
Q

highest cortical neuron density

A

human cerebral cortex

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2
Q

most of the human cortex is composed of… how many layers does it have?

A

neocortex- 6 layers

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3
Q

What does the paleo cortex compose of?

A

4 or 5 layers; subiculum (tightly aorund hippocampus)

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4
Q

What is the archicortex?

A

3 layers; hippocampus

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5
Q

What are the 6 layers of the human neocortex?

A

I- Molecular layer: Input from brainstem- alertness
II- External granular layer: Intracortical association pathways
III- Small pyramidal cell layer: To opposite cortex (via corpus callosum)
IV- Internal granular layer: Input from sensory systems
V- Large pyramidal cell layer: Output to motor systems (basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord)
VI- Fusiform layer: Output to thalamus

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6
Q

3 main functionos of the frontal lobe

A
  • thought, personality, conscience
  • planning complex voluntary movements
  • execution of complex volunary movement
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7
Q

functions of parietal lobe

A

primary and secondary somatosensory processing for awareness of body position

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8
Q

functions of temporal lobe

A

memory and auditory processing

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9
Q

functions of limbic lobe

A

behavior, emotion, memory, regulation of hypothalamus, olfaction

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10
Q

functions of occipital lobe

A

visual signal processing and visual memory storage

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11
Q

thalamocortical system

A

key to higher corticl function

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12
Q

What do lesions to the tlaamocortical system cause?

A

decrease function of associated cortex

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13
Q

function of thalamus and location

A

key central relay

looks like a loaf of bread in the middle of the brain

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14
Q

sensory pathways of the thalamus ____ and the motor pathways ___ through the thalamus.

A

ascend

descend

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15
Q

What are the 2 key thalamic motor circuits and what do they do?

A

putamen circuit- premotor and supplemental motor cortex project to putamen and then back to motor cortex (for EXECUTION of voluntary movement)
caudate circuit- movements occur as a result of a sequence of thoughts, cuadate receives prefrontal cortical input (association areas) which allows cognitive control of motor activity

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16
Q

What would a lesions to the dorsal media do?

A

changes in personality, thoughts, drive, and conscience

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17
Q

what does the primary motor area do?

A

signals to voluntary muscle to control discrete muscle movement

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18
Q

what does the supplementary and secondary premotor area do?

A

complex ‘patterns’ of motor activity

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19
Q

what does the primary sensory area do?

A

detect specific sensations (visual, auditroy, somatic)

20
Q

what does the secondary sensory area do?

A

analyze ‘meaning’ of sensory input

  • shape, size, texture
  • color, light, intensity, motion
  • tone, pitch, frequency of sound
21
Q

association areas simulataneously recevies and analyzes signals from many motor and sensory cortical areas. What does the parieto-occipitotemporal portion control?

A

nexus of somatic, visual, and auditory areas; maps body position and spatial awareness

22
Q

association areas simulataneously recevies and analyzes signals from many motor and sensory cortical areas. What does the prefrontal control?

A

planning complex movements and highest order thought

23
Q

association areas simulataneously recevies and analyzes signals from many motor and sensory cortical areas. What does the limbic do?

A

involved in behavior, emotions and motivation

24
Q

What effect would a frontal lobotmy have on a person?

A

apathy and disjointed thoguhts; decreased spontaneity, decreased self awareness, and decreased self control
lethargy, emotional blunting, and deminished intellect

25
Q

what hemisphere contains Broca’s and Wernicke’s?

A

dominant hemisphere (LEFT)

26
Q

What is Broca’s responsible for?

A

the form words, language

27
Q

What is Wernicke’s for?

A

language comprehension

28
Q

What connect thte two hemispheres for the brain?

A

corpus callosum

29
Q

lesions of Wernicke’s

A

no control of right motor cortex

30
Q

What is neglect syndrome?

A

left sided visual/spatila input fails to reach Wernicke’s area

31
Q

What is the anterior commissure?

A

storage and access to emotional memory (amygdala and related structures)

32
Q

Mechanism of ‘tjhinking’ and elaboraiton is unknown but what is a possible explanation?

A

result of specific pattern of neuronal activity simultaneously in many cortical areas

33
Q

What 2 things does speech involve?

A
  • formation in the min of thought to be expressed and the choice of words - Wernicke’s
  • motor control of vocalization and the act of vocalization- Broca’s
34
Q

Where is speech always conducted in the brain?

A

dominant cerebral hemisphere (L)

35
Q

In Wernicke’s- what is the angular gyrus?

A

primary/secondary visual areas, word interpretation

36
Q

What is the arcuate fasicuclus in the Wernicke’s?

A

output tract to Broca’s area

37
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus in Broca’s area?

A

pathway from Wernicke’s area

38
Q

Aphasia

A

communcation disorders resulting from lesions in the dominant hemisphere

39
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

inability to articulate speech

  • ‘motor’ aphasia
  • comprehension often spared
40
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

inability to understand the written/spoken word

  • ‘sensory’ aphasia
  • very debilitating
41
Q

What do non-dominant lesions cause?

A

loss of music appreciation, aprosodia (loss of meaning of intonation and inflection), inability to interpret ‘body language’, loss of spatial awareness

42
Q

How was the auditory pathway clinically tested?

A

by repetition “repeat after me”

43
Q

Auditory pathway

A
  1. Primary auditory and interpretive areas- Recognize the sound as a word
  2. Interpret the word and thoughts the word expresses in Wernicke area
  3. Form thoughts and words that convey meaningful response
  4. Arcuate fasciculus transmits word/thought to Broca’s area
  5. Broca’s area- Motor commands produced to form words
  6. Motor command projected to centers that control speech muscles
44
Q

visual pathway

A
  1. Visual input received in primary visual area
  2. Visual information processed in angular gyrus of the parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex
  3. Visual input fully interpreted and word/thoughts formed in Wernicke’s area
  4. Arcuate fasciculus transmits word/thought to Broca’s area
  5. Broca’s area- Motor commands produced to form words
  6. Motor command projected to centers that control speech muscles
45
Q

what are two types of imaging that show communication areas in the brain?

A

fMRI & PET

46
Q

What is global aphasia?

A

complete loss of ability to comprehend language and commnicate is caused by severe lesions to Wernicke’s area that extend into the angular gyrus, temporal lobe, and superior parietal cortex

47
Q

What does global aphasia often result from?

A

massive cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) involving the middle cerebral artery

physio (14 decks)

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