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NAB > Somatic Sensation > Flashcards

Somatic Sensation Flashcards

1
Q

Speed of adaptation of Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

Complete and rapid

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2
Q

What happens to number of Meissner’s with age?

A

Declines

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3
Q

How many Meissner’s corpuscles does each axon branch innervate?

A

15

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4
Q

How many axon branches may each Meissner’s corpuscle contain?

A

3

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5
Q

What is Meissner’s stimulated by?

A

Sideways displacement of the skin - slipping?

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6
Q

What do Meissner’s show phase locking to?

A

Vibration frequency

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7
Q

Which fibres from Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

RA1

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8
Q

Size of receptive field of Merkel’s disc?

A

Small

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9
Q

Are Merkel’s rapidly or slowly adapting?

A

Slowly

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10
Q

Where are Merkel’s discs found?

A

Epidermal ridges of glabrous skin and touch zone of hairy skin

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11
Q

How are Merkel’s discs attached to epidermal keratinocytes?

A

Desmosomes

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12
Q

What do Merkel’s discs respond to?

A

Light steady pressure

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13
Q

What is the structure of a Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

Layers of Schwann cells with a perineural outer sheath

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14
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found?

A

In the deep dermis of the glabrous skin between tendons and close to the periosteum

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15
Q

What are lamellae in Pacinian corpuscle for?

A

Act as mechanical filter which completely adapts under steady displacement

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16
Q

Which fibres do Pacinian corpuscles use?

A

RA2

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17
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

High frequency vibration

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18
Q

How many nerve fibres supply each receptor?

A

One

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19
Q

What is Ruffini/Golgi tendon organ capsule divided into?

A

Compartments of endoneural connective tissue

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20
Q

Which fibres do Ruffini and Golgi tendon organs use?

A

SA2

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21
Q

How does tension activate Ruffini/Golgi tendon organ ?

A

Tension tightens the spirals and squashes the nerve endings

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22
Q

Which fibres respond to mechanical damage, heat and temperature?

A

Polymodal C fibres

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23
Q

Above which temperature is all fibres firing nociceptors?

A

46

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24
Q

What is background discharge of nociceptors?

A

None

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25
Q

Where are free ending intraepidermal?

A

Cornea, trachea and bronchi

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26
Q

Which fibres are labelled line?

A

Cold and hot

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27
Q

Why/where are gracile and cuneate ipsilateral?

A

Crosses over in brain not spine

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28
Q

Where does somatic signal go from VPN of thalamus?

A

SI and SII

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29
Q

Which parts of brain does somatic sensation go to?

A

Thalamus, reticular formation, PAG, amygdala, hypothalamus, superiory colliculus

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30
Q

Where does somatic sensation go from thalamus?

A

ACC, insula, SI

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31
Q

What is SI for?

A

Localisation of pain response

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32
Q

How is gate control theory involved in pain?

A

Descending influence on pain response from PAG

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33
Q

What is astereognosia?

A

can’t identify objects by touch

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34
Q

What is Pacinian receptive field like?

A

Large

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35
Q

How many receptors per afferent fibres are there in Pacinian corpuscle?

A

One

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36
Q

Speed of adaptation in Pacinian?

A

Rapid

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37
Q

What is the highest frequency Pacinian can reconstruct?

A

300-400Hz

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38
Q

How many Meissners converge to form 1 afferent?

A

Up to 20

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39
Q

Size of Meissners receptive field?

A

Small

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40
Q

How many receptors to one afferent in Merkels?

A

20

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41
Q

Which fibre type do Merkels use?

A

SA1

42
Q

How many receptors per fibre in Ruffini?

A

1

43
Q

What do Ruffini respond to?

A

Skin stretch

44
Q

Which fibre is faster out of C and Adelta?

A

C is slower

45
Q

WHich fibre is more myelinated out of C and Adelta?

A

Adelta

46
Q

Which fibres are affected first during hypoxia?

A

Large - Abeta then Adelta

47
Q

Which fibres does local anaesthetic affect?

A

Small - C and Adelta

48
Q

Do Aalpha and Abeta fibres go ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

49
Q

Do pain fibres travel ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Contralateral

50
Q

Which tract to pain fibres travel in?

A

Spinothalamic

51
Q

What happens in posterior column syndrome?

A

Lose mechanoreceptors, can still feel pain and temperature

52
Q

Is the mandibular branch sensory or motor?

A

Mixed

53
Q

Are ophthalmic and maxillary sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

54
Q

What part of the thalamus is to respond to pain?

A

Posterior part of VMN

55
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex

A

Postcentral gyrus

56
Q

What is Brodman’s area?

A

S1 (3a, 3b, 1,2 )

57
Q

Where is S1 input from?

A

VP in thalamus

58
Q

Which area of cortex shows direction selectivity?

A

Area 2

59
Q

What enhances response of neurones in S2?

A

Attention

60
Q

What is SI for in pain?

A

Discriminative

61
Q

What is insula for?

A

Homeostatic

62
Q

What is ACC for?

A

Emotion and empathy

63
Q

What does rubbing around injury stimulate?

A

Abeta fibres

64
Q

What are cold receptors called?

A

Trpm8

65
Q

Which fibres does Trpm8 receptors use?

A

A delta and C

66
Q

Which fibres do TRPV1 use?

A

C

67
Q

When do you get myoclonus?

A

Hypoxia

68
Q

What happens to corticospinal cord in primates?

A

Spreads ventrally

69
Q

What is the human equivalent of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Corticospinal

70
Q

What are the two parts of the corticospinal tract?

A

Large lateral and smaller ventromedial

71
Q

What happens to receptors as temperature increases?

A

More are activated

72
Q

What are wide dynamic range neurones for?

A

Intensity

73
Q

Which receptors rapidly adapt?

A

Meissners and Pacinian

74
Q

Which receptors slowly adapt?

A

Merkel and Ruffini

75
Q

What are the otolith organs?

A

Saccule and utricle

76
Q

How is intensity shown in rapidly adapting cells?

A

Recruitment

77
Q

What is the PAG for?

A

Analgesic response, back to spinal cord to modulate -GATE CONTROL

78
Q

Which vibration receptors does topical anaesthetic reach?

A

Meissner

79
Q

Are Ad and C myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

C is unmyelinated, Ad slightly myelinated

80
Q

Where do A fibres cross to get to the somatosensory cortex?

A

Medial lemniscus

81
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract go to?

A

Reticular formation, SI, ACC or insula

82
Q

What does syringomyelia cause?

A

Loss of nociception and thermoreceptors bilaterally, can still feel touch

83
Q

Whcih kind of fibres are in teh DC-ML?

A

A d and b

84
Q

Which part of the thalamus do DC-ML fibres end up in?

A

VPN

85
Q

WHich lamina is a disctint nociceptive pathway?

A

I

86
Q

Which part of the thalamus responds to pain and temperature?

A

Posterior part of the VMN

87
Q

What kind of of input do lamina I spinothalamic neurones give?

A

Topographical

88
Q

Which layer do thalamic afferent terminate?

A

IV

89
Q

WHich layers goes back to thalamus?

A

VI

90
Q

Which layers go to other cortical regions?

A

II and III

91
Q

WHich layer goes back to subcortical structures?

A

V (basal ganglia and brainstem)

92
Q

How does area 2 get directional selectivity?

A

Overlapping excitatory and inhibitory zones

93
Q

What is an emergent property?

A

Not seen in lower pathway

94
Q

Which lamiae do Ad fibres synapsee?

A

1 and 5

95
Q

Which laminae do C fibres synapse?

A

1 and 2

96
Q

Which laminae do Ab (mechanoreceptors) synpase?

A

4 and 5

97
Q

Which fibres show wind-up?

A

Adelta

98
Q

How do Ab fibres mediate lateral inhibition?

A

Inhibitory interneurones

99
Q

In which laminae are the narrow dynamic range fibres?

A

1

100
Q

Which area does PAG integrate input from?

A

Cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus

101
Q

What can be stimulated for surgery without anaesthesia?

A

PAG

102
Q

What blocks the PAG without surgery effect?

A

Opioid antagonists

NAB (10 decks)

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