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NAB > Motor > Flashcards

Motor Flashcards

1
Q

What is thixotropy?

A

Different output for the same input

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2
Q

Which kind of inhibitory interneurones mediate a Brown’s half-centre?

A

1A

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3
Q

Which muscle spindle afferents are faster?

A

Ia

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4
Q

Which afferents are slower with a modified contractile end?

A

II

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5
Q

What do Ia afferents do?

A

Measure rate of change/dynamic component

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6
Q

What do II afferents do?

A

Measure static component

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7
Q

Which fibre controls proportion of muscle spindles?

A

Gamma

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8
Q

Which afferent does the tendon organ have?

A

Ib

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9
Q

WHat does the tendon organ measure?

A

Active tension/force generated

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10
Q

Which interneurones stimulate the antagonist?

A

Ib

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11
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used on Ib interneurones?

A

Glycine

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12
Q

What is a nested hierarchy?

A

Can have positive feedback as long as it’s regulated by negative feedback

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13
Q

What does dynamic bag fibre lack?

A

II

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14
Q

Are Ia and II rapidly or slowly adapting?

A

Ia is rapid, II is slowly

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15
Q

What is the myotatic reflex?

A

Reflex contraction of stretched muscle

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16
Q

What are the medial brainstem pathways?

A

Tecto, vestibulo. reticulospinal

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17
Q

What are the lateral brainstem pathways?

A

Rubro, corticopsinal

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18
Q

What does the lateral premotor area receive information from?

A

Parietal sensory cortex and lateral cerebellum

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19
Q

Where does lateral premotor area and supplementary motor cortex go to?

A

Primary motor cortex

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20
Q

What does the supplementary cortex receive information from?

A

Basal ganglia, prefrontal and other cortex

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21
Q

Where do mirror neurones go to?

A

The lateral premotor area

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22
Q

What do the mirror neurones go on to form?

A

Corticospinal tract

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23
Q

Is cerebellum output ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

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24
Q

What is the spinocerebellum for and where is it located?

A

For execution, located medially

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25
Q

What is the cerebrocerebellum for and where is it located?

A

For planning, located laterally

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26
Q

What is the dorsal spinocerebellar tract for?

A

Sensory information

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27
Q

What is the ventral spinocerebellar tract for?

A

Efferent copy/motor feedback

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28
Q

What are the excitatory glutametergic synapses in the cerebellum?

A

Inputs and granule

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29
Q

Where are the inhibitory synapses in the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje, golgi, basket, stellate

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30
Q

What neurotransmitter do Purkinje cells use?

A

GABA

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31
Q

Where does climbing fibres input come from?

A

The inferior olvie

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32
Q

How many spikes are there per second in the resting cerebellum?

A

10 simple and 1 climbing

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33
Q

What happens to the spikes during learning?

A

Complex increases, simple reduces

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34
Q

What happens to the spikes after learning?

A

Complex back to normal, simple remains reduced

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35
Q

What does the cerebellum provide inputs to?

A

Premotor/motor cortex, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal

36
Q

What makes up the striata - input nuclei?

A

Caudate and putamen

37
Q

What are the five basal ganglia?

A

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucelus

38
Q

What does D1 receptor do?

A

Increases cAMP and increases direct activity

39
Q

What does D2 receptor do?

A

Decreases cAMP and decreases direct activity

40
Q

Where are excitatory cell bodies?

A

In the cortex

41
Q

Which brain area is for rehearsal?

A

Supplementary

42
Q

Which are ventromedial tract?

A

Tecto and vestiulo

43
Q

What tonically inhibits saccades?

A

SUbstantia nigra

44
Q

What disinhibits substantia nigra so saccades can occur?

A

Caudate

45
Q

Which phase stays constant when walking?

A

Swing

46
Q

Which phase decreases when walking?

A

Stance/extensor

47
Q

Why is there spastic paralysis following a spinal cord lesion?

A

Lack of excitation causes spinal cord to upregulate excitation

48
Q

What is recurrent inhibition?

A

Renshaw cells activated to reduce inhibition

49
Q

What does D1 from striatum do?

A

Stimulates - GP int

50
Q

What does D2 from striatum do??

A

Inhibits - GP ext

51
Q

What causes Huntington’s?

A

Protein builfup in caudate/putamen

52
Q

WHat causes Parkinson’s?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurones so all movements inhibited (no D1 or D2 but suppression is removed)

53
Q

What are the three layers of the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje, granule, deep cell nuclei

54
Q

What does olivary nucleus input to?

A

Climbing fibre

55
Q

Where does everywhere else input to?

A

Mossy fibre - for proprioceptive error singal

56
Q

What happens if both fire together?

A

Long term depression

57
Q

What is olivary nucleus input for?

A

Learning signal

58
Q

Where does proprioceptive deficit result from?

A

Any part of CNS

59
Q

Are muscle spindles/tendon organs parallel or in series?

A

Spindles are parallel, tendon organs are in series

60
Q

What do bag fibres look like?

A

Thicker, nuclei clustered around swollen central area

61
Q

What do chain fibres look like?

A

Short, slender, nuclei in a chain

62
Q

What has one muscle spindle got?

A

Two bag fibres and several chains

63
Q

Where do Ia and II afferent terminate?

A

Ia coils, II terminates adjacent

64
Q

Which fibre does dynamic component?

A

Ia

65
Q

Which fibre does static component?

A

II

66
Q

Which afferent does tendon organ have?

A

Ib

67
Q

What is responsible for inhibiting the action and stimulating the antagonist?

A

Tendon organ via Ib

68
Q

What do tendon organs do to generate positive feedback reflex reversal?

A

Increase motor neurone activity

69
Q

What regulates the negative feedback in tendon organs?

A

Muscle spindles because they show negative feedback only

70
Q

Which fibres do simple stretch reflexes use?

A

Ia with inhibitory interneurones

71
Q

Which bag fibre has no II fibre?

A

Dynamic

72
Q

Which fibre is rapidly adapting?

A

Ia

73
Q

What does chain measure?

A

Static muscle length

74
Q

What does bag measure?

A

Dynamic change or static muscle length

75
Q

Why are AAs released first and peptides released last?

A

Amount of Ca needed

76
Q

What does lateral premotor lesion cause?

A

Hemineglect

77
Q

What generates a simple spike?

A

Mossy fibre to granule cells

78
Q

How do granule cell axons form parallel fibres?

A

Split

79
Q

What generates a temporal window of activity?

A

Feedforward inhibition

80
Q

What generates a complex activity window?

A

Feedback inhibition

81
Q

What is long term depression?

A

Less Purkinje output from cerebellum following climbing and parallel fibre pairing

82
Q

What happens when the cerebellum is cooled?

A

Delay in movement onset, pauses between movemebt

83
Q

What is the output nucleus of the basal ganglia?

A

Globus pallidus

84
Q

Which kind of input does the basal ganglia receive from the motor cortex and thalamus?

A

Glutametergic excitatory

85
Q

What kind of AP happens if climbing fires?

A

Complex

86
Q

What kind of AP happens if parallel fires?

A

Single

NAB (10 decks)

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