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Motor Flashcards

1
Q

What is thixotropy?

A

Different output for the same input

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2
Q

Which kind of inhibitory interneurones mediate a Brown’s half-centre?

A

1A

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3
Q

Which muscle spindle afferents are faster?

A

Ia

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4
Q

Which afferents are slower with a modified contractile end?

A

II

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5
Q

What do Ia afferents do?

A

Measure rate of change/dynamic component

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6
Q

What do II afferents do?

A

Measure static component

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7
Q

Which fibre controls proportion of muscle spindles?

A

Gamma

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8
Q

Which afferent does the tendon organ have?

A

Ib

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9
Q

WHat does the tendon organ measure?

A

Active tension/force generated

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10
Q

Which interneurones stimulate the antagonist?

A

Ib

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11
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used on Ib interneurones?

A

Glycine

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12
Q

What is a nested hierarchy?

A

Can have positive feedback as long as it’s regulated by negative feedback

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13
Q

What does dynamic bag fibre lack?

A

II

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14
Q

Are Ia and II rapidly or slowly adapting?

A

Ia is rapid, II is slowly

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15
Q

What is the myotatic reflex?

A

Reflex contraction of stretched muscle

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16
Q

What are the medial brainstem pathways?

A

Tecto, vestibulo. reticulospinal

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17
Q

What are the lateral brainstem pathways?

A

Rubro, corticopsinal

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18
Q

What does the lateral premotor area receive information from?

A

Parietal sensory cortex and lateral cerebellum

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19
Q

Where does lateral premotor area and supplementary motor cortex go to?

A

Primary motor cortex

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20
Q

What does the supplementary cortex receive information from?

A

Basal ganglia, prefrontal and other cortex

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21
Q

Where do mirror neurones go to?

A

The lateral premotor area

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22
Q

What do the mirror neurones go on to form?

A

Corticospinal tract

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23
Q

Is cerebellum output ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

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24
Q

What is the spinocerebellum for and where is it located?

A

For execution, located medially

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25
What is the cerebrocerebellum for and where is it located?
For planning, located laterally
26
What is the dorsal spinocerebellar tract for?
Sensory information
27
What is the ventral spinocerebellar tract for?
Efferent copy/motor feedback
28
What are the excitatory glutametergic synapses in the cerebellum?
Inputs and granule
29
Where are the inhibitory synapses in the cerebellum?
Purkinje, golgi, basket, stellate
30
What neurotransmitter do Purkinje cells use?
GABA
31
Where does climbing fibres input come from?
The inferior olvie
32
How many spikes are there per second in the resting cerebellum?
10 simple and 1 climbing
33
What happens to the spikes during learning?
Complex increases, simple reduces
34
What happens to the spikes after learning?
Complex back to normal, simple remains reduced
35
What does the cerebellum provide inputs to?
Premotor/motor cortex, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal
36
What makes up the striata - input nuclei?
Caudate and putamen
37
What are the five basal ganglia?
Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucelus
38
What does D1 receptor do?
Increases cAMP and increases direct activity
39
What does D2 receptor do?
Decreases cAMP and decreases direct activity
40
Where are excitatory cell bodies?
In the cortex
41
Which brain area is for rehearsal?
Supplementary
42
Which are ventromedial tract?
Tecto and vestiulo
43
What tonically inhibits saccades?
SUbstantia nigra
44
What disinhibits substantia nigra so saccades can occur?
Caudate
45
Which phase stays constant when walking?
Swing
46
Which phase decreases when walking?
Stance/extensor
47
Why is there spastic paralysis following a spinal cord lesion?
Lack of excitation causes spinal cord to upregulate excitation
48
What is recurrent inhibition?
Renshaw cells activated to reduce inhibition
49
What does D1 from striatum do?
Stimulates - GP int
50
What does D2 from striatum do??
Inhibits - GP ext
51
What causes Huntington's?
Protein builfup in caudate/putamen
52
WHat causes Parkinson's?
Loss of dopaminergic neurones so all movements inhibited (no D1 or D2 but suppression is removed)
53
What are the three layers of the cerebellum?
Purkinje, granule, deep cell nuclei
54
What does olivary nucleus input to?
Climbing fibre
55
Where does everywhere else input to?
Mossy fibre - for proprioceptive error singal
56
What happens if both fire together?
Long term depression
57
What is olivary nucleus input for?
Learning signal
58
Where does proprioceptive deficit result from?
Any part of CNS
59
Are muscle spindles/tendon organs parallel or in series?
Spindles are parallel, tendon organs are in series
60
What do bag fibres look like?
Thicker, nuclei clustered around swollen central area
61
What do chain fibres look like?
Short, slender, nuclei in a chain
62
What has one muscle spindle got?
Two bag fibres and several chains
63
Where do Ia and II afferent terminate?
Ia coils, II terminates adjacent
64
Which fibre does dynamic component?
Ia
65
Which fibre does static component?
II
66
Which afferent does tendon organ have?
Ib
67
What is responsible for inhibiting the action and stimulating the antagonist?
Tendon organ via Ib
68
What do tendon organs do to generate positive feedback reflex reversal?
Increase motor neurone activity
69
What regulates the negative feedback in tendon organs?
Muscle spindles because they show negative feedback only
70
Which fibres do simple stretch reflexes use?
Ia with inhibitory interneurones
71
Which bag fibre has no II fibre?
Dynamic
72
Which fibre is rapidly adapting?
Ia
73
What does chain measure?
Static muscle length
74
What does bag measure?
Dynamic change or static muscle length
75
Why are AAs released first and peptides released last?
Amount of Ca needed
76
What does lateral premotor lesion cause?
Hemineglect
77
What generates a simple spike?
Mossy fibre to granule cells
78
How do granule cell axons form parallel fibres?
Split
79
What generates a temporal window of activity?
Feedforward inhibition
80
What generates a complex activity window?
Feedback inhibition
81
What is long term depression?
Less Purkinje output from cerebellum following climbing and parallel fibre pairing
82
What happens when the cerebellum is cooled?
Delay in movement onset, pauses between movemebt
83
What is the output nucleus of the basal ganglia?
Globus pallidus
84
Which kind of input does the basal ganglia receive from the motor cortex and thalamus?
Glutametergic excitatory
85
What kind of AP happens if climbing fires?
Complex
86
What kind of AP happens if parallel fires?
Single

NAB (10 decks)

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