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NAB > Motivation, Homeostasis, Arousal > Flashcards

Motivation, Homeostasis, Arousal Flashcards

1
Q

What inhibits each other in the flip flop hypothesis?

A

Ascending brainstem and VLPA of hypothalamus

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2
Q

What are inputs to VLPA of hypothalamus?

A

SCN to DMN

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3
Q

What are inputs to ascending brainstem?

A

Food > orexin and MCH

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4
Q

What are the inputs to the hypothalamus from the brainstem?

A

Somatic afferents for neuroendocrine reflexes and visceral afferents from the MST and reticular formation with gustatory and olfactory information

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5
Q

Where do hypothalamus inputs from the forebrain come from?

A

Amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex

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6
Q

Where are temperature receptors in the hypothalamus?

A

The preoptic area

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7
Q

Where are osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

A

The OVLT

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8
Q

Stimulus of which hypothalamus area causes eating?

A

Lateral

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9
Q

Lesions of which hypothalamus area caused overeating and obesity?

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus

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10
Q

Which hypothalamus area contains steroid receptors?

A

Medial preoptic area

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11
Q

Lesions of which area impair female sexual behaviour?

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is Urbach-Weithe disease?

A

Recessive genetic disorder causing calcification of the amygdala

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13
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

Anterior temporal lobe (rostral to the hippocampus, in the wall of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle)

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14
Q

What are the three amygdala subdivisions?

A

Corticomedial, central. basolateral

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15
Q

What are the two amygdala efferent pathways?

A

Ventral amygdalofugal and stria terminalis

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16
Q

What does the central nucleus control?

A

ANS, endocrine and simple motor reflexes

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17
Q

Where are central nucleus afferent from?

A

Solitary tract

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18
Q

Where do central nucleus efferents go?

A

Hypothalamus and brain stem

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19
Q

What information does the corticomedial amygdala receive?

A

Olfactory, particularly pheremones

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20
Q

Which information does the basolateral amygdala receive?

A

Highly processed info from the sensory association cortex

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21
Q

Where does the basolateral amygdala project to?

A

Ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex via the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus

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22
Q

What behaviours do amygdala lesioned rats show?

A

Consummatory but no appetitive

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23
Q

How does amygdala control voluntary action?

A

Output to ventral striatum

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24
Q

Where does ventral striatum receive dopaminergic input from

A

Ventral tegmentum

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25
Q

Where is dopamine released in male rats in anticipation of food/sexual behaviour?

A

Nucleus accumbens

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26
Q

Where do orexin neurones project to?

A

Ventral striatum and VTA

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27
Q

What shifts thalamus from burst firing to tonic?

A

ACh and NA

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28
Q

Which transmitters reduce during non-REM sleep?

A

ACh, NA and 5-HT

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29
Q

Which neurones become active during REM sleep?

A

ACh

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30
Q

A lesion of which area causes total insomnia and death?

A

Ventrolateral pre-optic area

31
Q

What does ventrolateral pre-optic area contain?

A

GABAergic inhibitory neurones to brainsem arousal systems

32
Q

Which receptor is mutated in narcolepsy?

A

Orexin receptor 2

33
Q

Where are the MCH neurones which increase sleep?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

34
Q

Which tract trains the SCN to 24 hours?

A

Retinohypothalamic tract

35
Q

What happens if SCN is lesioned?

A

No biological rhythm

36
Q

What are the EEG waves like in the awake state?

A

High frequency, low amplitude

37
Q

What are the EEG waves liek when asleep?

A

Low frequency, high amplitude

38
Q

Where is the reticular formation?

A

Continuous with the intermediate grey of the spinal cord and lateral hypothalamus/subthalamic regions

39
Q

Where do reticular formation neurones receive inputs from?

A

Main sensory and motor pathways

40
Q

How does RF directly project to the cortex?

A

Via medial forebrain bundle through lateral hypothalamus

41
Q

How does RF indirectly project to the cortex?

A

Via the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus

42
Q

What kind of neurones are in the isodendritic core of the posterior hypothalamus?

A

Histaminergic

43
Q

What kind of neurones are in the isodendritic core of the basal forebrain?

A

Cholinergic

44
Q

Where are NA cell bodies?

A

Locus coeruleus

45
Q

How does NA affect response to tones?

A

Decreases response to arbitrary tone and increases response to meaningful tone

46
Q

What happens to NA neurones under stress?

A

Maximally activates

47
Q

What is reduced in OCD?

A

5-HT

48
Q

Which systems are associated with learning and memory?

A

Forebrain cholinergic systems

49
Q

What is beta activity?

A

High frequency, low amplitude, eyes open and alert

50
Q

What is alpha activity?

A

Low frequency, higher amplitude, quiet waking

51
Q

Which area is less active during REM sleep?

A

Primary visual cortex

52
Q

What does degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurones cause?

A

Alzheimers

53
Q

What are basal forebrain cholinergic neurones responsive to?

A

Conditioned stimuli associated with food rewards

54
Q

What causes behavioural inhibition is aversive situations?

A

5-HT

55
Q

What does stimulation of the ventrolateral preoptic area cause?

A

Drowsiness

56
Q

What is stage 1 sleep?

A

Theta waves, drowsy

57
Q

What is stage 2 sleep?

A

Spindles with sudden bursts called K complexes

58
Q

What is stage 3 sleep?

A

Delta waves, moderate to deep

59
Q

What is stage 4 sleep?

A

Non-REM sleep and low frequency high amplitude delta waves

60
Q

What are the differences in REM sleep?

A

Low pre-frontal activity, high extrastriate/limbic activity, less active primary visual cortex

61
Q

What waves are there during awake?

A

Alpha and beta

62
Q

Which waves are there during REM sleep?

A

Beta

63
Q

Which neurochemical pathways are inhibited in sleep?

A

ACh, NA, 5-HT

64
Q

Which neurochemical increases during REM sleep?

A

Cholinergic

65
Q

Which two neurotransmitters inhibit VLPA?

A

ACH and NA

66
Q

Where are MCH and orexin found?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

67
Q

What activates MCH and orexin?

A

Neuropeptide Y

68
Q

Where is neuropeptide Y from?

A

Arcuate nucleus

69
Q

What stimulates and inhibits neuropeptide Y release?

A

Leptin inhibits, ghrelin causes

70
Q

What does NPY cause when it acts on the PVN?

A

Decreased metabolic rate and insulin secretion

71
Q

What kind of a role do steroids have in copulatory behaviour?

A

Permissive

72
Q

Where are androgen receptors?

A

Medial preoptic area

73
Q

What is thalamus like in delta sleep?

A

Burst firing/oscillatory

NAB (10 decks)

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