Motivation, Homeostasis, Arousal

Question 1

What inhibits each other in the flip flop hypothesis?

Answer 1

Ascending brainstem and VLPA of hypothalamus

Question 2

What are inputs to VLPA of hypothalamus?

Answer 2

SCN to DMN

Question 3

What are inputs to ascending brainstem?

Answer 3

Food > orexin and MCH

Question 4

What are the inputs to the hypothalamus from the brainstem?

Answer 4

Somatic afferents for neuroendocrine reflexes and visceral afferents from the MST and reticular formation with gustatory and olfactory information

Question 5

Where do hypothalamus inputs from the forebrain come from?

Answer 5

Amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex

Question 6

Where are temperature receptors in the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

The preoptic area

Question 7

Where are osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

Answer 7

The OVLT

Question 8

Stimulus of which hypothalamus area causes eating?

Answer 8

Lateral

Question 9

Lesions of which hypothalamus area caused overeating and obesity?

Answer 9

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 10

Which hypothalamus area contains steroid receptors?

Answer 10

Medial preoptic area

Question 11

Lesions of which area impair female sexual behaviour?

Answer 11

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 12

What is Urbach-Weithe disease?

Answer 12

Recessive genetic disorder causing calcification of the amygdala

Question 13

Where is the amygdala?

Answer 13

Anterior temporal lobe (rostral to the hippocampus, in the wall of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle)

Question 14

What are the three amygdala subdivisions?

Answer 14

Corticomedial, central. basolateral

Question 15

What are the two amygdala efferent pathways?

Answer 15

Ventral amygdalofugal and stria terminalis

Question 16

What does the central nucleus control?

Answer 16

ANS, endocrine and simple motor reflexes

Question 17

Where are central nucleus afferent from?

Answer 17

Solitary tract

Question 18

Where do central nucleus efferents go?

Answer 18

Hypothalamus and brain stem

Question 19

What information does the corticomedial amygdala receive?

Answer 19

Olfactory, particularly pheremones

Question 20

Which information does the basolateral amygdala receive?

Answer 20

Highly processed info from the sensory association cortex

Question 21

Where does the basolateral amygdala project to?

Answer 21

Ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex via the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus

Question 22

What behaviours do amygdala lesioned rats show?

Answer 22

Consummatory but no appetitive

Question 23

How does amygdala control voluntary action?

Answer 23

Output to ventral striatum

Question 24

Where does ventral striatum receive dopaminergic input from

Answer 24

Ventral tegmentum

Question 25

Where is dopamine released in male rats in anticipation of food/sexual behaviour?

Answer 25

Nucleus accumbens

Question 26

Where do orexin neurones project to?

Answer 26

Ventral striatum and VTA

Question 27

What shifts thalamus from burst firing to tonic?

Answer 27

ACh and NA

Question 28

Which transmitters reduce during non-REM sleep?

Answer 28

ACh, NA and 5-HT

Question 29

Which neurones become active during REM sleep?

Answer 29

ACh

Question 30

A lesion of which area causes total insomnia and death?

Answer 30

Ventrolateral pre-optic area

Question 31

What does ventrolateral pre-optic area contain?

Answer 31

GABAergic inhibitory neurones to brainsem arousal systems

Question 32

Which receptor is mutated in narcolepsy?

Answer 32

Orexin receptor 2

Question 33

Where are the MCH neurones which increase sleep?

Answer 33

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 34

Which tract trains the SCN to 24 hours?

Answer 34

Retinohypothalamic tract

Question 35

What happens if SCN is lesioned?

Answer 35

No biological rhythm

Question 36

What are the EEG waves like in the awake state?

Answer 36

High frequency, low amplitude

Question 37

What are the EEG waves liek when asleep?

Answer 37

Low frequency, high amplitude

Question 38

Where is the reticular formation?

Answer 38

Continuous with the intermediate grey of the spinal cord and lateral hypothalamus/subthalamic regions

Question 39

Where do reticular formation neurones receive inputs from?

Answer 39

Main sensory and motor pathways

Question 40

How does RF directly project to the cortex?

Answer 40

Via medial forebrain bundle through lateral hypothalamus

Question 41

How does RF indirectly project to the cortex?

Answer 41

Via the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus

Question 42

What kind of neurones are in the isodendritic core of the posterior hypothalamus?

Answer 42

Histaminergic

Question 43

What kind of neurones are in the isodendritic core of the basal forebrain?

Answer 43

Cholinergic

Question 44

Where are NA cell bodies?

Answer 44

Locus coeruleus

Question 45

How does NA affect response to tones?

Answer 45

Decreases response to arbitrary tone and increases response to meaningful tone

Question 46

What happens to NA neurones under stress?

Answer 46

Maximally activates

Question 47

What is reduced in OCD?

Answer 47

5-HT

Question 48

Which systems are associated with learning and memory?

Answer 48

Forebrain cholinergic systems

Question 49

What is beta activity?

Answer 49

High frequency, low amplitude, eyes open and alert

Question 50

What is alpha activity?

Answer 50

Low frequency, higher amplitude, quiet waking

Question 51

Which area is less active during REM sleep?

Answer 51

Primary visual cortex

Question 52

What does degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurones cause?

Answer 52

Alzheimers

Question 53

What are basal forebrain cholinergic neurones responsive to?

Answer 53

Conditioned stimuli associated with food rewards

Question 54

What causes behavioural inhibition is aversive situations?

Answer 54

5-HT

Question 55

What does stimulation of the ventrolateral preoptic area cause?

Answer 55

Drowsiness

Question 56

What is stage 1 sleep?

Answer 56

Theta waves, drowsy

Question 57

What is stage 2 sleep?

Answer 57

Spindles with sudden bursts called K complexes

Question 58

What is stage 3 sleep?

Answer 58

Delta waves, moderate to deep

Question 59

What is stage 4 sleep?

Answer 59

Non-REM sleep and low frequency high amplitude delta waves

Question 60

What are the differences in REM sleep?

Answer 60

Low pre-frontal activity, high extrastriate/limbic activity, less active primary visual cortex

Question 61

What waves are there during awake?

Answer 61

Alpha and beta

Question 62

Which waves are there during REM sleep?

Answer 62

Beta

Question 63

Which neurochemical pathways are inhibited in sleep?

Answer 63

ACh, NA, 5-HT

Question 64

Which neurochemical increases during REM sleep?

Answer 64

Cholinergic

Question 65

Which two neurotransmitters inhibit VLPA?

Answer 65

ACH and NA

Question 66

Where are MCH and orexin found?

Answer 66

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 67

What activates MCH and orexin?

Answer 67

Neuropeptide Y

Question 68

Where is neuropeptide Y from?

Answer 68

Arcuate nucleus

Question 69

What stimulates and inhibits neuropeptide Y release?

Answer 69

Leptin inhibits, ghrelin causes

Question 70

What does NPY cause when it acts on the PVN?

Answer 70

Decreased metabolic rate and insulin secretion

Question 71

What kind of a role do steroids have in copulatory behaviour?

Answer 71

Permissive

Question 72

Where are androgen receptors?

Answer 72

Medial preoptic area

Question 73

What is thalamus like in delta sleep?

Answer 73

Burst firing/oscillatory