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NAB > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

1
Q

Lamina I of dorsal horn?

A

Input from Ad and C nociceptors forms the spinothalamic tract, forms topographical input, spinomesencephalic tract projects here to reticular formation and PAG

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2
Q

Lamina II of dorsal horn?

A

Interneurones, nociceptors and substantia gelatinosa

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3
Q

Lamina III of dorsal horn?

A

Interneurones

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4
Q

Lamina IV of dorsal horn?

A

Interneurones

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5
Q

Lamina V of dorsal horn?

A

Touch Ab fibres from mechanoreceptors, Ad fibres make up the spinothalamic tract, wide dynamic range neurones respond to innocuous stimuli and low intensity and noxious stimuli at high intensity, spinomesencephalic tract projects from here to the reticula formation and PAG

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6
Q

Lamina VI of dorsal horn?

A

Contributes to spinothalamic tract

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7
Q

Lamina VII of dorsal horn?

A

Intermediate zone, contributes to spinothalamic tract, spinoreticular tract projects from here

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8
Q

Lamina VIII of dorsal horn?

A

Ventral horn, spinoreticular tract projects from here

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9
Q

Layer II of sensory cortex?

A

Goes to other cortical regions - ipsilateral SII, contralateral SI, posterior parietal cortex and motor cortex

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10
Q

Layer III of sensory cortex?

A

Goes to other cortical regions - ipsilateral SII, contralateral SI, posterior parietal cortex and motor cortex

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11
Q

Layer IV of sensory cortex?

A

Thalamic inputs here

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12
Q

Layer V of sensory cortex?

A

Goes to subcortical structures like basal ganglia and brainstem

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13
Q

Layer VI of sensory cortex?

A

Back to thalamus

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14
Q

Layers I, II, III and IV of LGN?

A

Parvocellular input from P ganglion cells

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15
Q

Layers V and VI of the LGN?

A

Magnocellular input from M ganglion cells

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16
Q

Layer II of visual cortex?

A

Pyramidal neurones project to higher visual areas, complex cells common here, CO blobs for colour

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17
Q

Layer III of the visual cortex?

A

Pyramidal neurones project to higher visual areas, complex cells common here, finest detail here, CO blobs for colour

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18
Q

Layer IV of the visual cortex?

A

Input - LGN fibres terminate on spiny stellate neurones here, magnocellular inputs terminate on 4Ca, parvocellular terminates on 4Cb, simple cells common here, finest detail here in 4C, well developed - called Stria of Gennari

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19
Q

Layer V of visual cortex?

A

Projects to deep brain structures, complex cells common here, larger fields here

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20
Q

Layer VI of visual cortex

A

Projects back to thalamus, simple cells common here, larger fields here

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21
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A

Meninges all present

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22
Q

What is meningocoele?

A

Arachnoid and subarachnoid space herniate

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23
Q

What is meningomyelocoele?

A

Spinal cord and meninges herniate

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24
Q

What is secreted to pattern tectum and cerebellum?

A

FGF8

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25
Q

What patterns rostrocaudal axis?

A

FGF8 from isthmus

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26
Q

What patterns dorsoventral axis?

A

Notochord using Shh

27
Q

Which layer of cerebral cortex forms first?

A

VI

28
Q

What is precursor of PNS?

A

Neural crest and cranial neurogenic placodes

29
Q

What do cranial neurogenic placodes form?

A

Cranial sensory PNS and many neurones in the cranial sensory ganglia

30
Q

What is the origin of most trigeminal sensory ganglions?

A

Neural crest

31
Q

Diffusible attractive?

A

NGF/netrin

32
Q

Diffusible repulsive?

A

Semaphorins, netrin, slit

33
Q

Contact attractive?

A

CAMs

34
Q

Contact repulsive?

A

Semaphorins, Eph ligands

35
Q

What is the target-derived NGF receptor called?

A

TrkA

36
Q

What is an ECM protein which inhibits axon growth in the axon scar?

A

CSPGs

37
Q

Are oligodendrocytes growth stimulatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

38
Q

How does NGF work?

A

Binds to receptor at axon terminal and is transported back to cell body where it prevents apoptosis

39
Q

What is Nogo produced by?

A

Oligodendrocytes

40
Q

CSF composition?

A

No protein, low K+ and glucose, high chloride

41
Q

Which glial cells make a glial scar?

A

Astrocyte

42
Q

Where do neuroepithelial stem cells divide?

A

Ventricular zone

43
Q

What do neuroblasts migrate on?

A

Radial glia

44
Q

Where are radial glia cell bodies?

A

Ventricular zone

45
Q

What has the axon growth cone got?

A

Flat lamellipodium and long filopodium

46
Q

What is homophilic?

A

Same CAM on other cell

47
Q

What is heterophilic?

A

Another CAM on another cell

48
Q

What ensures nerves and bones don’t mix and generates spinal nerve segmentation?

A

Eph ligands

49
Q

What happens to C axons in netrin knockout mouse?

A

Fail to reach floorplate

50
Q

How are retinal axons guided?

A

Repulsion - gradients of Eph recognition molecules (temporal axons express EphA receptor)

51
Q

What does neurexin bind to?

A

Neurolignin

52
Q

What is neuropraxia?

A

Stretch

53
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

Distal fragmentation of axon and myelin

54
Q

What is a growth cone?

A

Axon regenerates through tube of Schwann cells

55
Q

What is regeneration like after a crush?

A

Accurate

56
Q

Why is regeneration inaccurate after a cut?

A

Wrong endoneurial tube

57
Q

Why can’t mature axons grow long distances?

A

Impaired re-induction of growth associated genes

58
Q

Structure of an acute lesion?

A

Debris and bleeding, chronic stage has fibrotic core (macrophages and ECM) surrounded by astrocytic scar

59
Q

Which enzyme promoted recovery after a spinal cord injury?

A

Chondroitinase

60
Q

What do olfactory ensheathing cells do by mingling with astrocytes?

A

Myelinate demyelinated axons and phagocytose debris

61
Q

What do neural progenitor cells form?

A

Neurones, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

62
Q

Where are brain stem cells in the foetus?

A

Ventricular and subventricular zone

63
Q

In teh adult brain where are new neurones supplied for?

A

Olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus

NAB (10 decks)

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