Solutions Chapter 8 and Chapter 9 Flashcards
a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Mixture
does not have a fixed composition
Heterogeneous
a mixture in which particles of a material are more or less evenly dispersed throughout a liquid or gas
Suspension
Particles in a ____ are large and eventually settle out.
Suspension
Particles in a suspension may be _____.
Filtered out
a mixture consisting of particles that are intermediate in size and stay in suspension. They can be in a liquid, solid, or gas
Colloid
What is intermediate size?
Medium size
Some Immiscible liquids can form ____.
Colloids
A colloid in which liquids that normally do not mix are spread throughout each other
Emulsion
Give an example of emulsion.
mayonnaise
The egg yolk coats the oil and keeps it from forming a separate layer
Uniform mixtures. Components disperse evenly throughout.
Homogeneous Mixtures
Give an example of a homogeneous mixture.
Salt water
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout
Solution
In a solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent
Solute
In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves
Solvent
Two or more liquids that form a single layer when mixed are said to be ____.
Misicble
What is one way to separate miscible liquids?
Distillation
What must the two liquids in the miscible liquid have in order for distillation to work?
Different boiling points
Liquid solutions sometimes do not contain ____.
Water
Give an example of a liquid solution that does not contain water.
Crude oil
Can all states of matter form solutions?
YAS
Give an example of a gas solution.
The air you are hopefully breathing right now
Solids can ___ in other solids.
Dissolve
a homogeneous mixture that is usually composed of two or more metals
Alloy
Give an example of an alloy.
Brass, which is zinc metal dissolved in copper metal
What is the universal solvent?
Water
What can dissolve in water?
Many different substances
What’re can dissolve _____ because of its structure.
Ionic Compounds
Why does water have a bent shape?
It is a polar compound
What shape does water have?
A bent shape
Does pure water conduct electricity?
No
Some water solutions ___.
Conduct electricity
What are the solutes in solutions that conduct an electric current?
Electrolytes
attractive force between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another water molecule
Hydrogen Bonds
What bond pulls oxygen atoms from alcohols (-OH) and sugars, allowing those substances to dissolve in water?
Hydrogen Bonds
What is the rule of thumb in chemistry?
Like dissolves like
Solvents will dissolve substances that are ____.
Like the solvent in molecular structure
Polar dissolves ___.
Polar
Nonpolar dissolves ____.
Nonpolar
a compound whose electrons are equally distributed among its atoms
Nonpolar Compounds
___ will usually not dissolve in water.
Nonpolar compounds
Give an example of a Nonpolar compound.
Olive oil
What must be used to dissolve Nonpolar compounds?
Nonpolar solvents
Name three ways to speed up the dissolving process.
- make a larger surface area
- stir or shake the solution
- heat the solution
Why would you make a larger surface area to speed up the dissolving process?
More places to contact
Why would you stir or shake the solution in order to speed up the dissolving process?
Particles come in contact w/ one another more often
Why would you heat the solution in order to speed up the dissolving process?
Particles move faster and collide more often
____ can affect the physical properties of a solution.
Solutes
What is normal for a solute to do?
Raise the boiling point and lower the freezing point of the solution
-any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water.
Acids
-Hydrogen ions H+, attach to water molecules to form ____, H(3)O+
Hydronium ions
Name foods that have citric acid.
Lemons and limes
Name foods with acetic acid.
Dill pickles, vinegar
Name foods with malic acid.
Apples
Name foods with tartaric acid.
Grapes
- a compound that can reversible change color depending on conditions such as pH.
Indicators
How do indicators indicate?
They respond to the concentration of hydronium ions.
Acids turn ___ litmus paper ___.
Blue
Red
Bases turn ___ litmus paper ____.
Red
Blue
Acids ___ when dissolved in water.
Ionize
Acids form ___ and other ions depending on what elements he acids are made of.
Hydronium ions
Give an example of acids ionizing.
Nitric acid and water form hydronium ions and nitrate ions.
Some of the ions formed when dissolved in water, ___ to for ____.
Recombine to form acid molecules
Why will a solution with weak acids not conduct electricity?
Because there are fewer charged ions
-a substance that dissolved in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current
Electrolyte
Study the common acids list on edline!!!!!
Acids are used in many ____ and ___.
Manufacturing processes and organisms
What is weak stomach acid?
A dilute hydrochloric acid
______ can damage the skin.
Concentrated acetic acid
Vapors are harmful to the ___, ____, and ____.
Eyes
Mouth
Lungs
-any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Bases
Hydroxide ions -
OH-
Bases feel ___ to the touch,___.
Slippery
Soapy
Bases have a ____.
Bitter taste
Solutions of bases ____.
Conduct electric current
Can bases damage skin?
YASSSS
Strong bases contain a ___ ion and a ___ ion.
Metal ion
Hydroxide ion
Give an example of a strong base that contains a metal ion and a hydroxide ion.
NaOH
What happens when a strong base is put in water?
The metal ions and the hydroxide ions dissociate or seperate
Most strong bases are also ___.
Electrolytes
Some bases do not contain ____ with the compound.
Hydroxide
What happens when bases that do not contain hydroxide are placed in water?
The base dissolves and forms a hydroxide ion
NH(3) + H(2)O ->
NH(4) + OH-
Look at the common bases chart on edline!!!!
-value used to express the acidity or basic its of a system
pH
Each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in ____.
acidity
What is a measure of the concentration of hydronium and hydroxide ions?
pH
Check ph scale on edline!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
What do you need to calculate the pH of a solution?
The concentration of a solution
Look at math!!!!!!
What must you know to calculate the molarity of a solution?
The pH
What is the pH of nitric acid?
pH of 3
-reaction between an acid and a base; results in the formation of a salt and water
Neutralization reaction
What kind of reaction is a Neutralization Reaction?
An ionic reaction
Give an example of a Neutralization Reaction.
HCl +H(2)O->
Cl- + H(3)O+
What happens to a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid?
It ionizes completely
What happens to a strong base?
It dissociates completely
Ionizing completely means
They completely break apart
Na+ and Cl- are called _____.
Spectator ions
Why are spectator ions called that?
They don’t participate in the neutralization reaction.
Hydroxide is always____.
Base
Hydronium is always _____.
Acid
What is a salt?
An ionic compound that forms when a metal atom replaces the hydrogen of an acid
Hydronium and hydroxide ions form ___.
Water
Show the chemical equation for hydronium and hydroxide ions forming water.
H(3)O+ + OH- -> 2H(2)O
The metal ion and nonmetal ion forms a ___.
Salt
Do all neutralization reactions for a neutral solution?Explain.
No, because one may have a greater amount of one solution than the other.
What does the pH of the final solution depend on?
The amounts of acid and base combined and the pH of the original acids and bases used in the reaction
-process of gradually adding one solution to another solution in the presence of an indicator to determine the concentration (or pH) of one of the solutions
Titration
-to a chemist, a ___ can be almost any combination of cations and anions, except hydroxides and oxides, which are bases
Salts
