Solutions Flashcards
Homogenous mixtures of substances that combine to form a single phase, generally the liquid phase
solutions
If two substances are already in the same ____, the solvent is the compound present in ___ quantity. Solute molecules move about __ in the solvent and can interact with other ___ or ___, consequently, chemical reactions occur ___ in solution
phase, greater, freely, molecules, ions, easily
The interaction between solute and solvent molecules
solvation / dissolution
Interaction between solute and water
hydration
Solvation is possible when the ___ __ between solute and solvent are ___ than those between the ___ particles
attractive forces, stronger, solvent
the maximum amount of substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent at a particular temperature
solubility
When a dissolved solute comes out of solution and forms crystals
crystallization
Solutions that contain more solute than found in a saturated solution; formed by manipulating temperature or pressure
supersaturated solution
Solutes that make conductive solutions
electrolytes
Examples of strong electrolytes include ___ ___ such as NaCl and ___, and molecular compounds with highly ___ __ bonds that dissociate into ions when dissolved, such as _____, in water.
ionic compounds, KI, polar covalent, HCl
A weak electrolyte, ____ or ___ incompletely in aqueous solution, and only some of the solute is present in ___ form. Examples include ___ ___ and other weak acids, ___, and other weak bases, and ____.
ionizes, hydrolyzes, ionic, acetic acid, ammonia, HgCl2
Nonelectrolytes do not ionize at all in aqueous solutions and retain their __ ___. They include many ___ __ and ___ __ such as oxygen and sugar
molecular structure, nonpolar gasses, organic compounds
the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution
percent composition by mass
the number of moles of the compound divided by the total number of moles of all species within the system
mole fraction
the number of moles of solute per litre of solution
molarity
The number of moles of solute per kg of solvent
molality
the number of gram equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution; equals molarity x equivalents/mol
normality
For dilutions, the concentration after can be determined by the equation
MiVi = M2V2
All salts of __ ___ ___ are water soluble, as well as all salts of the ___ ion.
alkali metal ions, NH4+
All salts with ___, ___ and ___ ions are water soluble, with the exception of salts containing ____ ___ ___
chloride, bromide, iodine, Ag, Pb, Hg
All salts of the ___ ion are water soluble withe the exception of those containing __, ___, ____ and ___
SO4, Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb
All __ ___ are insolubles, with the exceptions of __ __ __, and ___, __ and ___, all of which hydrolyze to form solutions of the corresponding metal _____.
metal oxides, alkali metal oxides, CaO, SrO, BaO, hydroxides
All _____ are insoluble, with the exception of ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ and ____
hydroxides, alkali metal hydroxides, CaOH2, SrOH2, BaOH2
All salts with ___, ___, ____, and _____ are insoluble with the exception of those that contain alkali metals or ammonium
CO3, PO4, S, SO3
