Periodic properties

Question 1

States that the chemical properties of the elements are dependent upon their atomic numbers

Answer 1

periodic law

Question 2

Elements that have either s or p sublevels as their outer most orbitals that are incompletely filled

Answer 2

representative elements

Question 3

Transition elements, lanthanide and actinide series; partly filled d sublevels

Answer 3

nonrepresentative elements

Question 4

The net positive charge from the nucleus as felt by an electron

Answer 4

effective nuclear charge

Question 5

From right to left, protons are added one at a time and electrons of the outermost shell experience an increasing degree of __ __, becoming ___ and more __ __ to the nucleus. From top to bottom down, the outermost electrons become ____ tightly bound to the nucleus because the number of ___ __ ___ levels, which ___ the outermost electrons from attraction by the nucleus.

Answer 5

nuclear attraction, closer, tightly bound, less, filled principle energy, shield

Question 6

In general, atomic radius -___ left to right across a period. The __ does not directly affect the size of the atom.

Answer 6

decreases, nucleus

Question 7

The radius of a cation or anion

Answer 7

ionic radius

Question 8

___ are smaller than neutral atoms because ___ electrons leads to less repulsion among the remaining electrons. ____ are larger than neutral atoms because having a greater number of electrons causes ____ repulsion, resulting in a ___ distance between electrons and a larger radius

Answer 8

cations, less, anions, more, greater

Question 9

Energy required to remove one valence electron from the parent atom

Answer 9

first ionization energy

Question 10

the energy required to remove a second valence electron from the univalent ion to form a divalent ion

Answer 10

second ionization energy

Question 11

___ ionizations grow increasingly larger. Ionization energy increases as ______ increases

Answer 11

successive, Zeff

Question 12

The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom; represents the ease with which the atom can accept an electron

Answer 12

Electron affinity

Question 13

The higher the ___, the greater the electron affinity will be. A ____ electron affinity value represents energy ___ when an electron is added to an atom. __ ___ ___ have low electron affinity values, while ___ have high electron affinities. ___ ___ have electron affinities on the order of zero

Answer 13

Zeff, positive, release, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gasses

Question 14

measure of attraction an atom has for electrons in a chemical bond

Answer 14

electronegativity

Question 15

Metals are shiny ___ at room temperature and have high __ ___ and ___. They are ____, and ____. They have generally a large _ ___, a low __ ___, and low _____, because there are few electrons in the valence shells and can easily be removed. This also makes them good ___ of heat and electricity.

Answer 15

solids, melting points, densities, malleable, ductile, atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, conductors

Question 16

Nonmetals are generally ___ in the solid state. They have ____ ___ ____ and ____ and are generally poor conductors. Most metals __ ___ easily.

Answer 16

brittle, high ionization energy, electronegativity, accept electrons

Question 17

The metalloids or ____ have variable properties such as __ ___, and ___. The ___ and ___ energies of these lie between those of metal and nonmetals. The ____ depends on the element they are reacting with

Answer 17

semimetals, melting points, densities, electronegativities, ionization, reactivity

Question 18

The ending ___ is added to to ions of elements with lesser charge, and ___ is added to ions of greater charge

Answer 18

ous, ic

Question 19

Monoatomic anions are named by dropping the ending of the elemental name and adding ___

Answer 19

ide

Question 20

Many polyatomic anions contain oxygen and therefore are called ____. When al element forms two of these, the name of the one with less oxygen ends in ___ and the one with more oxygen ends in ____

Answer 20

oxyanions, ite, ate

Question 21

When the series of oxyanions contains 4, prefixes are also used. ___ is used to indicate less oxygen and ___ is used to indicate more oxygen

Answer 21

hypo, per

Question 22

Polyatomic anions often gain one or more ___ ions to form anions of lower charge. The resulting ions are named by adding the word ___ or ___ to the front of the anion’s name. ____ can also be used.

Answer 22

hydrogen, hydrogen, dihydrogen, bi

Question 23

The alkali metals have lower ___ than other metals, and only one loosely bound electron in their ___ shell, giving them the largest __ __ in their periods. They have high ____ due to their low __ ___, and easily lose valence electron to form ____ ___. They have low ___ and react readily with ___.

Answer 23

densities, outermost, atomic radii, reactivity, ionization energy, univalent cations, electronegativity, nonmetals

Question 24

Alkali earth metals have ___ electrons in their outer shell and ___ atomic radii than alkali metals. However these electrons are not held tightly, and thus can be removed to form __ ___. They have low ___ and positive __ ___.

Answer 24

2, bigger, divalent cations, electronegativities, electron affinities

Question 25

The carbon group contains ___ electrons in their outermost __ ___. Carbon tends to not form ___, but rather participates in __ __, with 4 __ __

Answer 25

2, p subshells, ions, electron sharing, covalent bonds

Question 26

Pnictogens including __ and the elements below it, forms __ ___ _____. Nitrogen also commonly holds a ___ charge in __ __ making several nitrogen-containing compounds good ____

Answer 26

nitrogen, 3 covalent bonds, positive, organic reactions, bases

Question 27

The chalcogens, which contains ___, is characterized by elements requiring ____ additional valence electrons to complete their outer shells. Therefore they are ____ and form ___ anions but can also participate in covalent bonds, preferring to have two __ __ __ and two ____ pairs

Answer 27

oxygen, 2, electronegative, 2-, shared electron pairs, nonbonded

Question 28

Halogens are highly ____ nonmetals that form ___ ___. They are very _____, and particularly reactive toward __ ___, which want to ___ electrons to the halogens to form stable ionic ____. ___ has the highest electronegativity of all the elements

Answer 28

reactive, -1 anions, electronegative, alkali metals, donate, crystals, fluorine

Question 29

The noble gases, also called the -_ ___ are completely ____ because they each have a full valence shell. They have high __ __, and no ____. They also have low __ __ and are gases at room temperature,

Answer 29

inert gasses, nonreactive, ionization energies, electronegativities, boiling points

Question 30

Transition metals are very ___ and high __ and ___ points. The d electrons are held only loosely by the nucleus and are relatively ____, contributing to the ___ and high __ ___. They have low __ __ and also may exist in a variety of ___ states because transition elements are capable of losing various number of electrons from the __ and __ orbitals of their valence shells.

Answer 30

hard, melting, boiling, mobile, malleability, electrical conductivity, ionization energies, oxidation, s, d

Question 31

Because transition metals can be in many different oxidation states, they can form __ __ either with molecules of water (___ ___) or with ___, forming highly ___ solutions and compounds. This complexation may also enhance the relatively __ ___ of certain compounds.

Answer 31

complex ions, hydration complexes, nonmetals, coloured, low solubility

Question 32

The formation of complexes by transition metals causes the ___ ___ to be split into two energy ___. This enables many of the complexes to absorb certain ___ of ___ - those containing the precise amount of energy to raise electrons from the lower to the higher __ __. The frequencies not absorbed, known as the __ __, give the complexes their characteristic colours

Answer 32

d orbitals, sublevels, frequencies, light, d sublevel, subtraction frequencies