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Plant Biology > Solute Transport in Plant Cells > Flashcards

Solute Transport in Plant Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are plants?

A

Autotrophic

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2
Q

What does plants require?

A
  • Sunlight
  • CO2
  • H2O
  • mineral nutrients (from soil)
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3
Q

What are the essential nutrients?

A
  • mineral elements from soil
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4
Q

What does the essential nutrients are for?

A
  • plant growth
  • reproduction
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5
Q

What are the inorganic ions in the soil?

A
  • Anions
  • Cations
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6
Q

What are anions?

A

negatively-charged
Cl-; NO3-; PO4 3-

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7
Q

What are cations?

A

positively-charged
K+; Na+; Ca2+; Mg2+

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8
Q

What happens of absence of essential nutrients?

A
  • abnormalities in growth/reproduction
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9
Q

What great amounts are used by plants?

A

Macronutrients

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10
Q

What are macronutrients?

A
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorous
  • potassium
  • calcium
  • magnesium
  • sulfur
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11
Q

What are the remaining elements?

A

micronutrients

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12
Q

What are needed in very small amounts in plants?

A

micronutrients

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13
Q

What happens when essential elements are deficient in the soil?

A

plants exhibit deficiency symptoms

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14
Q

Why is nutrient availability important?

A
  • soil properties
  • plant requirements
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15
Q

What does every plant have?

A

optimal nutrient requirements

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16
Q

What if the plants are outside of optimum conditions?

A

plant deficiencies
plant toxicities

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17
Q

What are the mobile elemts?

A
  • Nitrogen
  • potassium
  • magnesium
  • phosphorus
  • chlorine
  • sodium
  • zinc
  • molybdenum
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18
Q

What are the immobile elements?

A
  • calcium
  • sulfur
  • iron
  • boron
  • copper
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19
Q

What are the 3 soil phases?

A

solid, liquid, gaseous

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20
Q

What are the solids in the soil?

A

mix of mineral and organic matter

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21
Q

What are the percentage of the soil composition?

Air
Water
Mineral Matter
Organic Matter

A

Air - 25%
Water - 25%
Mineral Matter - 45%
Organic Matter - 5%

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22
Q

Do the ratios of solid, liquid and gas phases in soil change?

True or False?

A

True

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23
Q

When would soil change?

A

-wetting
-drying
-swelling
-shrinkage
-aggregation
-dispersion
-loosening
-compaction
-weathering (freeze-thaw cycles)

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24
Q

What are the chemical properties of soils?

A

6

  • inorganic matter (sand, silt, clay)
  • organic matter (humus)
  • salinity and sodicity
  • redox (oxidation/reduction)
  • pH (buffering capacity)
  • ion exchange (cation/anion exchange)
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25
Q

What does pH indicate in chemical soil?

A

degree of acidity or alkalinity of soils

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26
Q

What does pH impact in soil?

A
  • ion mobility in soil
  • available nutrient to plants
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27
Q

What does root growth favour?

A

pH 5-6.5
slightly acidic

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28
Q

Why is the range of the pH 5-6.5 important?

A

most essentail ions in the soil are available to plant roots

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29
Q

What is the link between metabolic processes and pH and ion exchange of soil?

A
  1. clay particles (- charged) binds to cations
  2. cations are exchanged for H ions from carbonic acid or form plant
  3. mineral cations are free into the soil solution
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30
Q

What is ion exchange?

A

measures amount of exchange between dissolved ions and surface soil particles

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31
Q

What ion exchange dominates in soils?

A

Cation Exchange capacity (CEC) dominates Anion exchange capacity (AEC)

  • more negative charge than positive charge sites
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32
Q

What happens with soil with charged?

A

more + charged cations bind first and strongest

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33
Q

What happens with soil in raidus?

A

cations with smaller radius bind more strongly

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34
Q

What happens with availability in soil?

A

more abundant of cations bind more readily

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35
Q

What does mobility of elements in soils determine in plants?

A
  • where nutrients are found in soil
  • what zones in soils will become depleted
  • need for supplements (fertilizers)
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36
Q

What is the sorption zone with mobile nutrients?

A

larger

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37
Q

What is the sorption zone for immobile nutrients?

A

smaller

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38
Q

What does root growth help?

A

nutrient acquisition

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39
Q

what do roots obtain?

A

water and minerals

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40
Q

how do roots obtain water and minerals ?

A

develop extensive root systems

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41
Q

where are the roots located at?

A

apical meristem

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42
Q

what growth does roots have?

A

continuous growth

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43
Q

what develops quickly in the roots?

A

extensive root systems - high surface area

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44
Q

describe roots movement in soil

A

flexible architecture

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45
Q

What is the characteristic of the root transport systems?

A

high affinity membrane transport systems

46
Q

What is affinity?

A

Attraction between molecules like enzymes, substrates, antibodies and antigen

47
Q

Where is the root growth found in?

A

rhizosphere (root zone)

48
Q

What is rhizosphere?

A

region of soil surrounded by roots

49
Q

Where does radial (lateral) transport from . . . to . . .

A

from root hairs to root xylem

50
Q

where does the nutrients travel into?

A

roots through both apoplastic route and symplastic route

51
Q

What is the process of the nutrients/minerals?

A

dissolved in water that moves from soil into root tissues to the xylem transport everywhere in plant

  • water potential gradient
52
Q

what is the membrane called when cells separated from environment

A

plasma membrane

53
Q

What condition does the inside cell have?

A

constant conditions

54
Q

What condition does the outside cell have?

A

highly variable conditions

55
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

control in and out traffic of ions and molecules

56
Q

what are the roles of the cells?

A

cells take up nutrient & water, export wastes

57
Q

what does transport do in plant cells?

A
  • molecular, ionic movement
  • between inside and outside cell
  • between cellular compartments
58
Q

at what levels does nutrient transport happen in plant cells?

A
  • cell membrane
  • between cell and external environment
  • between different plant parts
59
Q

where does all transport processes happen?

A

cell level

60
Q

In special case of charged ions/molecules and membranes:

What can the membranes do?

A

differentially permeable to ions

61
Q

What do the ions do?

A

diffuse independently

62
Q

What do ions diffuse in response to?

A
  • concentration gradient = diffusion potential
  • electrical charge differences = electrical potential
63
Q

True or False

Can ions be driven passively against the concentration gradient if appropriate voltage is applied?

A

True

64
Q

What is driving forces controlled by?

A

Electrochemical potential/ membrane potential

+

concentration gradient differences with differences of electrical charge

65
Q

What do plants use to generate electrochemical potentials?

A

proton pumps

66
Q

What do plants use to generate using proton pumps?

A

Electrochemical potentials

67
Q

What happens with cation proton pumps to generate electrochemical potentials?

A

cations (K+) from extracellular fluid go into cytoplasm using membrane potential

68
Q

What happens with anion proton pumps to generate electrochemical potentials?

A

anions (Cl-, NO3-) are taken into cytoplasm by coupling their transport to the inward diffusion of H+ through cotransporter (= symport protein)

69
Q

What happens with neutral solute proton pumps to generate electrochemical potentials?

A

neutral solute (e.g. sugar) extracellular fluid to cytoplasm coupling to facilitated proton diffusion using cotransport (= symport protein)

70
Q

What is symport protein?

A

transport for two or more molecules across membrane in same direction

71
Q

what to use transport across cell membrane?

A

electrochemical gradient

72
Q

Which membrane is more permeable and to what?

A

biological membranes

to ions, large polar molecules, and water

73
Q

membrane permeability depend on?

A
  1. characteristics of membrane
  2. chemical nature of substance
74
Q

what does membrane do to diffusion?

A

slows diffusion, but still reaches equilibrium

75
Q

What are the two components of membrane permeability?

A
  1. diffusion potential
  2. electrogenic transport
76
Q

What is diffusion potential?

A

ions diffuse across membrane independently to the concentration gradients

77
Q

what happens to the result of diffusion potential?

A

charge separation across the membrane

78
Q

how is electrogenic transport measured?

A

membrane potential

79
Q

what is electrogenic transport?

A

difference in electrical charge across membrane

charge distribution is uneven

80
Q

what happens when membrane is equally permeable to anions and cations?

A

no membrane potential

E(mV) = 0

81
Q

what odes no membrane potential mean?

A

membrane equally permeable to anions and cations

82
Q

what happens when permeability differs?

A

charge separation

E (mV) = + or -

83
Q

what do we use Nernst Equation for?

A

predictive model of membrane potential

  • electrical potential difference across membrane
  • deals with only 1 ion with K+
84
Q

what if 10x concentration outside to inside?

A

+59 mV

85
Q

what if 10x concentration inside to outside?

A

-59 mV

86
Q

what is the animal cells membrane potential nernst equation predict?

A

-80 mV to -40 mV

87
Q

what are the plasma membrane potential for plants?

A

more -ve

~ -130 mV to -110 mV

88
Q

how come there are difference presence in membrane potential?

A

due to H+- ATPase pumps (proton pumps)

89
Q

what are the differences of membrane potential for?

A
  • ATP to pump H+ out of cytosol
  • help maintain pH of cytosol (neutral pH for enzyme cell function)
90
Q

What is apoplast?

A

proton pump transport H+ from cytosol to cell wall

91
Q

What is symplast?

A

proton pump transport H+ from cytosol to vacuole

92
Q

What does Nernst Eqn help distinguish?

A

active and passive transport

93
Q

What are the active transport ?

A

transported out of cytosol

Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+

94
Q

What are the passive transport?

A

transported into cytosol

NO3-, Cl-, H2PO4-. SO4^2-

95
Q

how are anions moving of cytosol?

A

in

96
Q

how are cations moving of cytosol?

A

out

97
Q

how are K+ moving ?

A

passively in cytosol & vacuole

98
Q

how and when are K+ taken up?

A

actively; when internal K+ are low

99
Q

what and when happens to the movement of H+?

A

actively removed from cytosol to apoplast & to vacuole

100
Q

what and where are cations (Na+, Ca2+) movement?

A

actively removed from cytosol to apoplast & to vacuole

101
Q

what and where are anions (Cl-, NO3-, H2PO4-) movement?

A

actively accumulated into cytosol from external medium & from vacuole

102
Q

where does the water and nutrient ions move thru?

A
  1. apoplast
  2. symplast
103
Q

what does symplastic transport use?

A

plasmodesmata

104
Q

what does living cells use?

A

differential membrane potential for different ions to move ions/molecules into/ out of cells

change solute potentials & water potentials

105
Q

what does plasmodesmata control?

A

seize of ions/molecules transported form cell to cell using the Size Exclusion Limit

106
Q

What is allowed in the plasmodesmata?

A

water, ions & small molecules

107
Q

what are not allowed thru plasmodesmata?

A

large molecules

108
Q

what does xylem loading involve?

A

transport of ion from symplast into tracheids/vessel elements

109
Q

what is the criteria of water and solutes (ions, molecules)?

A

cross minimum of 2 plasma membranes during xylem loading in roots –> bc Casparian strip

110
Q

what happens to the solute transport during xylem loading?

A

highly regulated in root stele (vascular tissue)

111
Q

which places involves p+ pumps?

A

plasma membranes & both passive & active transport across the plasma membranes & the vacuole to noplast

Plant Biology (9 decks)

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