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Plant Biology > Origin and Evolution of Plants > Flashcards

Origin and Evolution of Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of all plants

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Multicellular
  3. Photoautotrophic
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2
Q

Classification

A
  1. non-vascular plants
  2. vascular plants
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3
Q

Non-vascular plants example

A
  • bryophytes - mosses
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4
Q

Vascular plants categories

A
  1. non-seed plants
  2. seed plants
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5
Q

non-seed plants example

A
  • ferns
  • horsetails
  • club mosses
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6
Q

seed plants example

A
  • cycads
  • ginkgo
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms
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7
Q

Plants require what?

A
  • water for fertilization
  • except seed plants
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8
Q

Who are dominant photosynthetic group?

A

Vascular plants

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9
Q

List timeline of Origin of plants

A
  1. prokaryotes (bacteria/archaeans)
  2. Photosynthesis –> prokaryotic cyanobacteria
    3.Organelles evolved –> DNA in nucleus
  3. Eukaryotes diversified
    some gain mitochondria, some gain chloroplasts
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10
Q

What was chloroplasts through?

A

endosymbiosis

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11
Q

Eukaryotes with mitochondria evolved. . .

A

protozoans
fungi
animals

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12
Q

Eukaryotes with mitochondria & chloroplasts evolved. . .

A

plants
algae

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13
Q

growing evidence

A

highly integrated organisms
- structure and metabolism
(impact rest of plant)

  • adaptation in one part –> change to another part
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14
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • plant collection of cells
  • cellular building blocks for development
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15
Q

Organismal Theory

A

-plant cells communicate, interact, and influence each other
- cellular subdivision
- based on plasmodesmata and symplast

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16
Q

What are Plasmodesmata (PD)?

A
  • key to development of multicellularity in plants
  • communication & interaction between adjacent plant cells within a plant
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17
Q

PD or no PD for Land plants (grasses)?

A

PD

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18
Q

PD or no PD for Land plants (Vascular)?

A

PD

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19
Q

PD or no PD for Land plants (Bryophytes)?

A

PD

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20
Q

PD or no PD for zygnematales?

A

No PD

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21
Q

PD or no PD for Coleochaetales?

A

PD

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22
Q

PD or no PD for Charales?

A

PD

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23
Q

PD or no PD for Klebsormidiales?

A

no PD

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24
Q

PD or no PD for Chlorokybales?

A

no PD

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25
Q

PD or no PD for mesostigmatales?

A

no PD

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26
Q

Influence of Plasmodesmata?

A
  • cell differentiation
  • tissue formation
  • organogenesis
  • special physiological functions
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27
Q

examples of bryophytes

A
  • liverworts
  • hornworts
    -mosses
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28
Q

Vascular plants

A
  • seedless
  • seed
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29
Q

example Seedless vascular plants

A

-lycophytes
- pterophytes

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30
Q

example of seed plants

A
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms
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31
Q

Most diverse group

A

angiosperms = flowering plants

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32
Q

what do plants supply and use?

A

Supply O2
use CO2

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33
Q

provide to who?

A

animals on land

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34
Q

Stress - more temperature extremes

Solution?

A

stomata controlled by guard cells

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35
Q

Stress - reduced water availability

Solution?

A
  • development of xylem, roots/rhizoids
  • presence of sporopollenin (in spores)
  • protected gametangia/gametes
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36
Q

Stress - greater nutrient availability

Solution?

A
  • development of xylem and phloem
    -seeds with food reserves
  • apical meristems
37
Q

Stress - light fluctuation

Solution?

A
  • apical meristems/reinforced cell walls
38
Q

Stress - influence of gravity

Solution?

A
  • lignified cells walls (lignin)
39
Q

Stress - exposure to UV radiation

Solution?

A
  • have protective flavonoids/pigments
  • protected gametangia
40
Q

Stress - higher evaporation rates (wind) with issues of desiccation

Solution?

A
  • develop waxy cuticle
  • stomata controlled by guard cells
  • rod-like-body - reduced SA/V ratio
41
Q

How to examine traits of plants?

A
  1. shared ancestral traits
  2. shared derived traits
42
Q

What is shared ancestral plants?

A
  • common with ancestral organisms
43
Q

What is shared derived traits?

A
  • adaptations in terrestrial plants
44
Q

What is common ancestor of group of algae?

A

Charophytes

45
Q

Traits of shared ancestral?

A
  1. synthesize similar photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b)
  2. store true starch in plastids
  3. have motile cells with whip-lash flagella
  4. have peroxisome enzymes
  5. phragmoplast (in cell wall formation)
  6. rosette complexes (for cellulose synthesis)
46
Q

Ancestor to vascular plants ?

A

Coleochaete

47
Q

Features of Coleochaete

A
  1. synthesize similar photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b)
  2. store true starch in plastids
  3. have motile cells with whip-lash flagella
  4. have peroxisome enzymes
  5. have phragmoplast have rosette complexes fro cellulose synthesis
  6. develops from a zygotee
    - cell division occur while in gametophyte thallus
  7. has sporopollenin in cell wall of zygote
  8. lignin in zygote cell wall
48
Q

What is vascular plant ancestor?

A

Aglaophyton major

49
Q

Aglaophyton major describe (3)

A
  • small plant
  • dichotomous upright axes from rhizomes
  • terminal paires sporangia
50
Q

Evidence of support Aglaophyton major

A
  • branching pattern
  • conducting system but lack tracheary elements (xylem) and sieve elements (phloem)
  • produce spores with sporopollenin in cell walls
  • waxy cuticle
  • epidermal stomata
  • features resembling mosses
  • features resembling ferns
51
Q

What are features that resembling mosses for Aglaophyton major?

A
  1. xylem-like cells resembled hydroids (water-conducting cells)
  2. phloem-like cells analogous to leptoids (photosynthate-conducting cells)
52
Q

What are features that resembling ferns for Aglaophyton major?

A

with sporophyte as dominant stage in life cycle

53
Q

5 key traits except in charophytes

A
  1. alternation of generations (haploid and diploid stages)
  2. development of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
  3. evolution of seeds and pollen (multicellular and dependent embryos)
  4. evolution of flowers (sporophyte with protected gametes and seeds)
  5. apical meristems (growth of roots and shoots)
54
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A
  • changes in 2 multicellular stages
  • gametophyte and sporophyte
  • for adaptibility, survival, reproduction
55
Q

What is green alga life cycle

A
  1. multicellular alga
  2. mitosis
  3. gametes
  4. fertilization
  5. zygote
  6. meiosis
  7. haploid cells
  8. mitosis
56
Q

What is plant life cycle?

A
  1. multicellular gametophytes
  2. mitosis
  3. gametes
  4. fertilization
  5. zygote
  6. multicellular sporophyte
  7. meiosis
  8. spores
  9. mitosis
57
Q

what is the evolutionary trend for alternation of generations?

A
  • reduce gametophyte size
  • increase sporophyte size
58
Q

plants that lack vascular tissue are?

A

nonvascular plants

59
Q

plants have vascular tissue are?

A

vascular plants

60
Q

what are xylem for?

A

water

61
Q

what are phloem for?

A

sugars

62
Q

the benefits of vascular plants ?

A
  • competitive over non-vascular plants
  • grow taller
  • stay hydrated longer
    -less water dependence
63
Q

what is evolution of pollen from?

A

male gametophytes
- gametophyte retained within larger sporophyte

64
Q

What happens during evolution of pollen and seeds?

A
  1. male gametophytes packaged into pollen
  2. pollen deliver to female gametophyte of another plant
    - by air
    - transport by animal
  3. meiosis –> produce haploid microspores
  4. mitosis –> produce haploid pollen grains
65
Q

What does meiosis produces?

A

haploid microspores

66
Q

mitosis produces what?

A

haploid pollen grains

67
Q

What is evolution of seeds?

A

embryos of gymnosperms/angiosperms

68
Q

when does evolution of seeds happen?

A

form after fertilization of egg by sperm (pollen) in ovary (female gametophyte)

69
Q

What do the seeds contain?

A

food for developing embryo

70
Q

Seed characteristics

A
  • protected from dehydration
    -adaptations to aid in dispersal (by wind/animals)
71
Q

where are mature seeds founds in?

A
  • fruits, nuts, simple seeds
72
Q

What does the angiosperms flower contain?

A

organs for sexual reproduction
- male gametophyte and female gametophyte

73
Q

What are the male gametophyte?

A

pollen

74
Q

Where are the pollen from?

A

-male gametes (sperm) in pollen grains
- from microspores in anthers

75
Q

What is the female gametophyte

A

ovule

76
Q

What happens in the female gametophyte?

A

-female gametes arise from megaspores from ovary

77
Q

what happens fertilization of eggs by sperm?

A
  • seeds
  • (endosperm) contain sporophyte embryo and food
78
Q

What happens in the life cycle of angiosperms?

A

Meiosis within anther
1. spores
2. male gametophyte –> pollen
3. mitosis
4. gametes –> sperm
5. fertilization
6. sporophyte mitosis
7. mature sporophyte

Meiosis within ovary
1. spores
2. female gametophyte –> ovule
3. mitosis
4. gametes –> egg
5. fertilization
6. sporophyte mitosis
7. mature sporophyte

79
Q

What does presence of apical meristems do?

A
  • allow vertical growth at shoot and root tips
  • growth to acquire nutrients, water and light
80
Q

what does the cells from the apical meristems do?

A

differentiate into various tissues

81
Q

Fertilization and Dispersal for other green algae

A

F: water; D: water

82
Q

Fertilization and Dispersal for liverworts

A

F: water (sperm)
D: Air (spores)

83
Q

Fertilization and Dispersal for green algae

A

F: water; D: water

84
Q

Fertilization and Dispersal for mosses

A

F: water (sperm)
D: Air (spores)

85
Q

Fertilization and Dispersal for hornworts

A

F: Water (sperm)
D: Air (Spores)

86
Q

Fertilization and dispersal for lycophytes

A

F: Water (sperm)
D: Air (Spores)

87
Q

Fertilization and dispersal of ferns and horsetails

A

F: Water (sperms)
D: Air (spores)

88
Q

Fertilization and dispersal for gymnosperms

A

F: Air (pollen)
D: Air (Seeds)

89
Q

Fertilization and dispersal for angiosperms

A

F: Air (pollen)
D: Air (seeds)

Plant Biology (9 decks)

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