Plant Anatomy - Tissues and Organs Flashcards
1
Q
What is plant tissues?
A
composed of cells
2
Q
plant cells have?
A
- plastids
- vacuoles
- cellulose cell wall
3
Q
3 basic types of plant cells?
A
- parenchyma cells –> typical plant cell
- collenchyma cells
- sclerenchyma cells
4
Q
what is the common “typical” cells?
A
parenchyma cells
5
Q
Have thin primary-wall?
True or False
A
True
6
Q
Are parenchyma cells metabolically active?
True or False
A
True
7
Q
Does parenchyma cells remain alive after maturity?
True or False
A
True
8
Q
does parenchyma contain pigments for photosynthesis?
True or False
A
True
9
Q
What can parenchyma sense?
A
environmental conditions
- gravity, water, nutrients
10
Q
What does parenchyma store?
A
- sugars/starches
- lipids/ oils
- chemicals –> fragrance, mucilage, nectar, resins
11
Q
Which cell has the thin primary cell wall?
A
collenchyma cells
12
Q
Which cell thickens as the cell matures?
A
collenchyma cells
13
Q
what does collenchyma provide?
A
flexible (elastic) support in growing plant parts
14
Q
where does collenchyma cells occur?
A
beneath epidermis
15
Q
what support does collenchyma cells provide?
A
vascular bundles in stems and roots
16
Q
Which cell has a thick secondary cell wall?
A
sclerenchyma cells
17
Q
what does sclerenchyma cells provide?
A
support and strength for vertical organs
(roots and stems)
18
Q
what happens when sclerenchyma cells are mature?
A
dead
19
Q
what does sclerenchyma cells form?
A
form fibers, sclereids
20
Q
What are fibers?
A
- primary tissues of roots and stems
- elongate cells with thick lignified walls
21
Q
What are sclereids?
A
cells found in fruits/nuts/seeds
22
Q
what can cell types form?
A
simple tissues
complex tissues
23
Q
What are simple tissue composed of?
A
1 cell type
24
Q
What does the simple tissue form?
A
epidermal tissue
ground tissue
25
What are the examples of simple tissues?
1. parenchyma tissue
2. collenchyma tissue
3. sclerenchyma tissue
26
What are parenchyma tissue composed of?
parenchyma cells
27
What are sclerenchyma tissue composed of?
sclerenchyma cells
28
What are collenchyma tissue composed of?
collenchyma cells
29
What are complex tissues composed of?
more than 1 cell type
30
what does complex tissue forms?
vascular tissue
31
What are vascular tissues?
1. xylem
2. phloem
32
What is xylem for?
water and mineral transport
33
What is phloem for?
sugar/photosynthesis transport
34
What are the 3 types of plant tissues?
1. Vascular Tissue
2. Ground Tissue
3. (Epi)Dermal Tissue
35
what are the vascular tissues?
xylem, phloem
36
What does the vacular tissue do?
transport (water, nutrients, sugars)
support
37
What are the ground tissue?
parenchyma
38
What does the ground tissue do?
Synthesis of sugars
storage
support
39
what does (epi)dermal tissue do?
protection
conserve water
40
What are the 3 tissue systems?
1. (Epi)Dermal Tissue System
2. Vascular Tissue System
3. Ground Tissue System
41
what does the (epi)dermal tissue system do?
protect plant body surface
42
What is (epi)dermal tissue system made of ?
Epidermis
43
What does the vascular tissue system composed of?
2 types of tissue
Xylem, Phloem
44
What does vascular tissue system do?
conducts water, minerals, photosynthate in plants
45
What is ground tissue system composed of?
Parenchyma
46
What does ground tissue system do?
produces/stores food materials
performs other functions
47
What cells does (epi)Dermal tissue system have?
simple layer of living parenchyma cells
48
What does the epidermal cells have?
stomata and guard cells
49
where is stomata usually at?
lower epidermis of leaves
50
What cool leaves?
water evaporation
51
What can't plants afford to lose?
too much water
52
how is evapotranspirational water loss being minimized?
by waxy cuticle
- epidermis of leaves/stems reduces CO2 flow
53
What does the stomata do?
allow CO2 to enter by diffusion
O2 to diffuse out of leaves
54
What does the guard cells do?
control opening and closing of stomata
55
What does ground tissue includes?
cortex
56
Where is the cortex?
inside the epidermis in roots and stems
57
What is the ground tissue often composed of?
homogenous
parenchyma cells & collenchyma cells
58
Ground tissue is composed of tightly packed (pith) area?
True or False
True
59
what does xylem do?
conducts water and minerals
60
What does phloem do?
distributes sugars and minerals
61
Feature of xylem at maturity
-dead
- hollow
62
Feature of phloem at maturity
- remains alive
63
Characteristics of xylem
- dead tissues
- thick secondary cell walls
- transport water/minerals from roots to leaves
64
What is xylem composed of?
1. sclerenchyma cells - support
2. parenchyma cells - remains alive, for storage
3. tracheids (gymnosperms) - elongate hollow cells with pits
4. vessel elements (angiosperms) - elongate hollow cells with pores
65
What happens in gymnosperm xylem?
water moves between trachieds through pit pairs
66
What happens in angiosperm xylem?
water moves thru between vessel elements with less friction
67
What are stack of vessel elements called?
vessel
68
what happens between stacked vessel elements?
perforations forms
69
Characteristics of Phloem?
-transport sugar/photosynthate from leaves to roots
- living tissue - must be living to function
70
What are phloem composed of?
1. sieve tube members (or elements) - elongate with sieve plates
2. companion cells - regulatory role
3. sclerenchyma cells - support
4. parenchyma cells - food storage
71
what happens at maturity for sieve cells?
lack nuclei and most organelles
72
Function flow of vascular tissue
- vascular tissues transport water and nutrients upward from soil to leaves --> photosynthesis
- other vascular tissues transport sugars downward from leaves to other parts of the plants
73
Shoot --> Leaf --> (Epi)Dermal tissue system --> epidermis tissue --> epidermal cells, guard cells
74
Shoot --> stem --> vascular tissue system --> xylem --> vessel elements/tracheids, schelrenchyma cells, parenchyma cells
75
Shoot --> stems --> vascular tissue system --> phloem tissue --> sieve, tube members, companion cells, schlerenchyma cells, parenchyma cells
76
root --> root --> Ground tissue system --> parenchyma tissue --> collenchyma cells, parenchyma cells
77
Embryos
Monocot vs. (eu)dicots
M: One cotyledon
D: 2 cotyledons
78
Leaf venation of M vs. D
M: Parallel
D: netlike
79
Stems of M vs. D
M: Vascular bundles complex, no pith
P: Vascular bundles ring, pith middle to cortex, made of parenchyma cells
80
Roots of M vs. D
M: fibrous root system
D: Taproot
81
Flower of M vs. D
M: multiples of 3
D: multiples of 4 or 5
82
Where and what is endodermis?
- in root, single layer of cells between cortex and vascular tissue
- transport water/solute
83
3 root functions
1. anchoring - plant firmly to substrate
2. absorbing - water and minerals
3. producing - hormones
84
Stem (Angiosperms) composed
nodes and internode
85
function of angiosperm stem
- hold leaves up to light
- transports substances thru vascular tissue
86
Monocot stem (angiosperm) arrangement
1. Vascular Tissue - Scattered vascular bundles
2. epidermal tissue - outer layer + waxy cuticle
3. ground tissue - no pith, surrounds vascular bundles
87
Eudicot Stem (angiosperm) tissue arrangment
1. Vascular Tissue - divide into vascular bundles, contain xylem + phloem each
2. Epidermal tissue - outer layer + waxy cuticle
3. ground tissue - pith centre stem, cortex outside of vascular bundle
88
Leaf Function
- protection
-support
-storage
- nitrogen procurement
89
leaf limits
- cannot lost excessive amounts of water
- cannot allow entry of pathogens
- cannot be too nutritious and delicious to animals
- must be cheap to produce and maintain
