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Plant Biology > Plant Anatomy - Tissues and Organs > Flashcards

Plant Anatomy - Tissues and Organs Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is plant tissues?

A

composed of cells

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2
Q

plant cells have?

A
  • plastids
  • vacuoles
  • cellulose cell wall
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3
Q

3 basic types of plant cells?

A
  1. parenchyma cells –> typical plant cell
  2. collenchyma cells
  3. sclerenchyma cells
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4
Q

what is the common “typical” cells?

A

parenchyma cells

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5
Q

Have thin primary-wall?

True or False

A

True

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6
Q

Are parenchyma cells metabolically active?

True or False

A

True

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7
Q

Does parenchyma cells remain alive after maturity?

True or False

A

True

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8
Q

does parenchyma contain pigments for photosynthesis?

True or False

A

True

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9
Q

What can parenchyma sense?

A

environmental conditions
- gravity, water, nutrients

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10
Q

What does parenchyma store?

A
  • sugars/starches
  • lipids/ oils
  • chemicals –> fragrance, mucilage, nectar, resins
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11
Q

Which cell has the thin primary cell wall?

A

collenchyma cells

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12
Q

Which cell thickens as the cell matures?

A

collenchyma cells

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13
Q

what does collenchyma provide?

A

flexible (elastic) support in growing plant parts

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14
Q

where does collenchyma cells occur?

A

beneath epidermis

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15
Q

what support does collenchyma cells provide?

A

vascular bundles in stems and roots

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16
Q

Which cell has a thick secondary cell wall?

A

sclerenchyma cells

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17
Q

what does sclerenchyma cells provide?

A

support and strength for vertical organs
(roots and stems)

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18
Q

what happens when sclerenchyma cells are mature?

A

dead

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19
Q

what does sclerenchyma cells form?

A

form fibers, sclereids

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20
Q

What are fibers?

A
  • primary tissues of roots and stems
  • elongate cells with thick lignified walls
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21
Q

What are sclereids?

A

cells found in fruits/nuts/seeds

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22
Q

what can cell types form?

A

simple tissues
complex tissues

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23
Q

What are simple tissue composed of?

A

1 cell type

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24
Q

What does the simple tissue form?

A

epidermal tissue
ground tissue

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25
Q

What are the examples of simple tissues?

A
  1. parenchyma tissue
  2. collenchyma tissue
  3. sclerenchyma tissue
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26
Q

What are parenchyma tissue composed of?

A

parenchyma cells

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27
Q

What are sclerenchyma tissue composed of?

A

sclerenchyma cells

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28
Q

What are collenchyma tissue composed of?

A

collenchyma cells

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29
Q

What are complex tissues composed of?

A

more than 1 cell type

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30
Q

what does complex tissue forms?

A

vascular tissue

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31
Q

What are vascular tissues?

A
  1. xylem
  2. phloem
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32
Q

What is xylem for?

A

water and mineral transport

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33
Q

What is phloem for?

A

sugar/photosynthesis transport

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34
Q

What are the 3 types of plant tissues?

A
  1. Vascular Tissue
  2. Ground Tissue
  3. (Epi)Dermal Tissue
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35
Q

what are the vascular tissues?

A

xylem, phloem

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36
Q

What does the vacular tissue do?

A

transport (water, nutrients, sugars)
support

37
Q

What are the ground tissue?

A

parenchyma

38
Q

What does the ground tissue do?

A

Synthesis of sugars
storage
support

39
Q

what does (epi)dermal tissue do?

A

protection
conserve water

40
Q

What are the 3 tissue systems?

A
  1. (Epi)Dermal Tissue System
  2. Vascular Tissue System
  3. Ground Tissue System
41
Q

what does the (epi)dermal tissue system do?

A

protect plant body surface

42
Q

What is (epi)dermal tissue system made of ?

A

Epidermis

43
Q

What does the vascular tissue system composed of?

A

2 types of tissue
Xylem, Phloem

44
Q

What does vascular tissue system do?

A

conducts water, minerals, photosynthate in plants

45
Q

What is ground tissue system composed of?

A

Parenchyma

46
Q

What does ground tissue system do?

A

produces/stores food materials
performs other functions

47
Q

What cells does (epi)Dermal tissue system have?

A

simple layer of living parenchyma cells

48
Q

What does the epidermal cells have?

A

stomata and guard cells

49
Q

where is stomata usually at?

A

lower epidermis of leaves

50
Q

What cool leaves?

A

water evaporation

51
Q

What can’t plants afford to lose?

A

too much water

52
Q

how is evapotranspirational water loss being minimized?

A

by waxy cuticle
- epidermis of leaves/stems reduces CO2 flow

53
Q

What does the stomata do?

A

allow CO2 to enter by diffusion
O2 to diffuse out of leaves

54
Q

What does the guard cells do?

A

control opening and closing of stomata

55
Q

What does ground tissue includes?

A

cortex

56
Q

Where is the cortex?

A

inside the epidermis in roots and stems

57
Q

What is the ground tissue often composed of?

A

homogenous
parenchyma cells & collenchyma cells

58
Q

Ground tissue is composed of tightly packed (pith) area?

True or False

A

True

59
Q

what does xylem do?

A

conducts water and minerals

60
Q

What does phloem do?

A

distributes sugars and minerals

61
Q

Feature of xylem at maturity

A

-dead
- hollow

62
Q

Feature of phloem at maturity

A
  • remains alive
63
Q

Characteristics of xylem

A
  • dead tissues
  • thick secondary cell walls
  • transport water/minerals from roots to leaves
64
Q

What is xylem composed of?

A
  1. sclerenchyma cells - support
  2. parenchyma cells - remains alive, for storage
  3. tracheids (gymnosperms) - elongate hollow cells with pits
  4. vessel elements (angiosperms) - elongate hollow cells with pores
65
Q

What happens in gymnosperm xylem?

A

water moves between trachieds through pit pairs

66
Q

What happens in angiosperm xylem?

A

water moves thru between vessel elements with less friction

67
Q

What are stack of vessel elements called?

A

vessel

68
Q

what happens between stacked vessel elements?

A

perforations forms

69
Q

Characteristics of Phloem?

A

-transport sugar/photosynthate from leaves to roots
- living tissue - must be living to function

70
Q

What are phloem composed of?

A
  1. sieve tube members (or elements) - elongate with sieve plates
  2. companion cells - regulatory role
  3. sclerenchyma cells - support
  4. parenchyma cells - food storage
71
Q

what happens at maturity for sieve cells?

A

lack nuclei and most organelles

72
Q

Function flow of vascular tissue

A
  • vascular tissues transport water and nutrients upward from soil to leaves –> photosynthesis
  • other vascular tissues transport sugars downward from leaves to other parts of the plants
73
Q

Shoot –> Leaf –> (Epi)Dermal tissue system –> epidermis tissue –> epidermal cells, guard cells

A
74
Q

Shoot –> stem –> vascular tissue system –> xylem –> vessel elements/tracheids, schelrenchyma cells, parenchyma cells

A
75
Q

Shoot –> stems –> vascular tissue system –> phloem tissue –> sieve, tube members, companion cells, schlerenchyma cells, parenchyma cells

A
76
Q

root –> root –> Ground tissue system –> parenchyma tissue –> collenchyma cells, parenchyma cells

A
77
Q

Embryos
Monocot vs. (eu)dicots

A

M: One cotyledon
D: 2 cotyledons

78
Q

Leaf venation of M vs. D

A

M: Parallel
D: netlike

79
Q

Stems of M vs. D

A

M: Vascular bundles complex, no pith
P: Vascular bundles ring, pith middle to cortex, made of parenchyma cells

80
Q

Roots of M vs. D

A

M: fibrous root system
D: Taproot

81
Q

Flower of M vs. D

A

M: multiples of 3
D: multiples of 4 or 5

82
Q

Where and what is endodermis?

A
  • in root, single layer of cells between cortex and vascular tissue
  • transport water/solute
83
Q

3 root functions

A
  1. anchoring - plant firmly to substrate
  2. absorbing - water and minerals
  3. producing - hormones
84
Q

Stem (Angiosperms) composed

A

nodes and internode

85
Q

function of angiosperm stem

A
  • hold leaves up to light
  • transports substances thru vascular tissue
86
Q

Monocot stem (angiosperm) arrangement

A
  1. Vascular Tissue - Scattered vascular bundles
  2. epidermal tissue - outer layer + waxy cuticle
  3. ground tissue - no pith, surrounds vascular bundles
87
Q

Eudicot Stem (angiosperm) tissue arrangment

A
  1. Vascular Tissue - divide into vascular bundles, contain xylem + phloem each
  2. Epidermal tissue - outer layer + waxy cuticle
  3. ground tissue - pith centre stem, cortex outside of vascular bundle
88
Q

Leaf Function

A
  • protection
    -support
    -storage
  • nitrogen procurement
89
Q

leaf limits

A
  • cannot lost excessive amounts of water
  • cannot allow entry of pathogens
  • cannot be too nutritious and delicious to animals
  • must be cheap to produce and maintain

Plant Biology (9 decks)

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