Plant Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the structure of a “typical” plant cell?
A
- eukaryotic
- 6 unique features
2
Q
What are the 6 unique features?
A
- cell wall
- dictyosomes
- central vacuole
- plastids (chloroplast)
- peroxisomes
- plasmodesmata
3
Q
What is another name for golgi apparatus?
A
dictyosomes
4
Q
what are the 3 regions of mature vacuolated plant cells?
A
- Cell Wall
- Cytosol
- Vacuole
5
Q
What does the plasma membrane do?
A
transport proteins regulate molecules between cytosol and cell wall
6
Q
what does tonoplast do?
A
transport proteins in vacuolar membrane regulate molecules between cytosol and vacuole
7
Q
what are the two compartments?
A
- non-living cell wall (Apoplast)
- living protoplasm (symplast)
8
Q
what are the two major compartments?
A
- apoplast
- symplast
9
Q
in plant tissues, what and what is continuous?
A
cell walls and cytosol from cell to cell
10
Q
what is symplast?
A
continuum of living cytosol connected by plasmodesmata
Cytoplasmic continuum
11
Q
What is apoplast?
A
continuum of non living cell wall continuum + extracellular spaces
12
Q
What does apoplast compartment consist of?
A
cell wall
13
Q
where is apoplast compartment present?
A
in all plant cells
except short-lived/protected cells - gametes
14
Q
what is apoplast compartment composed of?
A
cellulose
15
Q
why is apoplast compartment plays a vital role?
A
- cell communication
- support
- protection
16
Q
what is apoplast compartment considered?
A
dead and extracellular vs part of cell
17
Q
what cell walls are in apoplast compartment?
A
primary and secondary cell walls and middle lamella
18
Q
what are the apoplast compartment cell walls composed of?
A
complex polysaccharides
- cellulose, hemicellulose
19
Q
what is the basic unit of cell wall structure?
A
cellulose microfibril
20
Q
what is the primary cell wall of apoplast compartment?
A
thin walls
21
Q
where is the primary cell wall in apoplast compartment present in?
A
all plant cells, in young growing cells
22
Q
when is primary cell wall formed?
A
outside of plasma membrane
- after cell division
23
Q
what are primary cell walls of neighbouring cell walls glued together by?
A
middle lamella
24
Q
what does symplast compartment includes?
A
plasma membrane and contents of protoplast
25
what are protoplast?
-cytoplasm/ cytosol (liquid, collodal phase)
- cytoskeleton
- membrane-bound organelles
( nucleus, ER, dictyosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, plastids, microbodies, plasmodesmata)
26
what is the symplast compartment plasma membrane composed of?
phospholipid bilayer
27
what is the symplast compartment plasma membrane described as?
fluid mosaic model
28
what is the symplast compartment plasma membrane referred to as?
cell membrane or plasmalemma
29
Why is the symplast compartment plasma membrane fluidity?
bc of phospholipids
30
why is symplast compartment plasma membrane mosaic?
bc peripheral and integral proteins
31
what is the structure of the symplast compartment plasma membrane?
dynamic
32
what does the symplast compartment plasma membrane control?
-substance enter/leave cell
- turgor pressure within cell affecting cell growth
33
what is turgor pressure?
force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
34
What is the symplast compartment cytosol?
liquid matrix within the cell
35
True or False
symplast compartment cytosol includes organelles?
False
36
What is the symplast compartment cytoplasm?
all of the cell contents inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus
- includes all organelles, membrane systems, macromolecules, colloids, ions, small molecules, water
37
what is the symplast compartment of cytoskeleton?
3D network of filamentous proteins in cytosol
38
what does the symplast compartment cytoskeleton involve?
-spatial organization
- movement of organelles
- mitosis/meiosis --> spindle formation
- cytokinesis
- cytoplasmic streaming
39
What can the cytoskeleton proteins do in the symplast compartment cytoskeleton?
assemble and diassemble
40
What are the 3 main types of filaments in symplast compartment cytoskeleton?
1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
3. intermediate filaments
41
what are the movement of organelles in symplast compartment cytoskeleton?
- organelles move within protoplast through "cytoplasmic streaming"
42
Where does the dictyosomes move in symplast compartment cytoskeleton?
move and collect near areas of synthesis (cell membranes and cell walls)
43
where does mitochondria move in symplast compartment cytoskeleton?
move to areas requiring energy (active transport)
44
where does chloroplasts move in symplast compartment cytoskeleton?
will move to optimize light capture
45
True or False
Organelle movement is random?
False
46
What many membrane does the symplast compartment nucleus has?
double membrane
47
what does the symplast compartment nucleus contain?
genetic information for regulating metabolism, growth and differentiation
48
What are the two types of symplast compartment endoplasmic reticulum?
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER
49
What is a rough ER?
covered with ribosomes
50
What is smooth ER?
lacks ribosomes on surface
51
What does rough ER involve?
protein synthesis
52
What does smooth ER involve?
membrane assembly
53
Where is the smooth ER?
lipid synthesis
54
what is the symplast compartment endoplasmic reticulum?
outer membrane of nuclear envelope
55
What does the dictyosomes in symplast compartment do?
produces, sorts, distributes secretory products throughout cell
56
what dynamic is symplast compartment dictyosomes?
highly dynamic
57
What role did dictyosomes symplast compartment have?
development of middle lamella and new cell wall
58
What happens in mature plant cells' vacuoles in symplast compartment vacuoles?
95% cell water-filled central vacuole
59
What are the symplast compartment vacuoles surround by?
tonoplast unit membrane
60
What does the symplast compartment vacuoles contain?
water and dissolved substances (pigments, salts, sugars, crystals, wastes)
61
What does the symplast compartment vacuoles involve?
- water balance
- maintenance of turgor pressure
- re-cycling damaged organelles
62
what is the vacuome/vacuolar system?
totality of all of the diverse vacuoles within a cell
63
What does the symplast compartment mitochondria involve?
energy conversion in cellular respiration
64
What are the sites of the symplast compartment mitochondria?
- cellular respiration
- ATP synthesis
65
what shape is the symplast compartment mitochondria?
rod-shaped
66
what is the symplast compartment mitochondria surrounded by?
two unit membranes
67
what is the inner membrane of the symplast compartment of mitochondria?
cristae (folds of membranes)
68
Are symplast compartment mitochondria very mobile - move where energy source needed?
Yes
69
What does the symplast compartment mitochondria have?
ribosomes
DNA
RNA
70
Does symplast compartment mitochondria divide and fuse like bacteria?
Yes
71
What does plastids symplast compartment contain?
Ribosomes
DNA
RNA
72
How many membranes does plastids symplast compartment ?
two unit membranes
73
How does the plastids symplast compartment replicate?
simple fission
74
What are the types of plastids?
- chromoplast
- chloroplast
- leucoplast
- elaioplast
- proteinoplast
- amyloplast
- statolith
75
What is etioplasts?
immature chloroplasts
- specialized leucoplast storing oils
76
What is amyloplasts?
unpigmented
- specialized leucoplast storing starch grains (potatoes) in root
77
What is leucoplast?
unpigmented
- store organic substances (oils, proteins, starch)
78
What is chromoplasts?
- pigmented of other colours
79
What is statolith?
specialized leucoplasts
- involved in gravitropism with starch grains
- helping roots grow down into soil (root cap)
80
What does pigments in the chromoplast include?
-carotenoids
-anthocyanins
-xanthophylls
-chlorophyll
81
what are carotenoids?
yellow/ orange colour
82
What are the xanthophylls, anthocyanins?
other pigments
83
What are chloroplasts?
green pigment
84
what are the responsability of chromoplast?
responsible for flower and fruit colour
85
what is chloroplast?
specialized chromoplast containing chlorophyll
86
What happens in the chloroplast?
photosynthesis occurs
87
what does chloroplast involve?
energy conversion in photosynthesis
88
What is the process of energy conversion of photosynthesis of chloroplast?
- light reactions in thylakoid membranes
- Calvin-Benson Cycle in stroma
89
Where does the light reaction occur in chloroplast?
thylakoid membranes
90
Where does the Calvin-Benson Cycle happen in chloroplast?
stroma
91
What are proteinoplast?
specialized leucoplasts storing proteins
92
Why would amyloplasts turn to chloroplasts?
triggered by exposure to light
93
What does amyloplasts turn to chloroplasts cause in colour?
exposed roots, potato have greenish colour
94
What shapes are the symplast compartment microbodies/oleosomes?
spherical organelles
95
What are the two main types of microbodies?
- peroxisomes
- glyoxysomes
96
What are the peroxisomes?
organelles involved in photorespiration
97
What produces peroxide?
glycolate oxidation
98
What can peroxide cause?
cellular damage
99
What are glyoxysomes?
black dots all over cytoplasm
100
where are glyoxysomes found in?
lipid-storing seeds
101
What does glyoxysomes contain?
enzymes of glyoxylate cycle
102
What does glyoxylate cycle convert to?
triacyglycerols to sugars during germination
103
what are oleosome?
packet of oil - lipid bodies
triacyglycerol-storing bodies in seeds
104
where is lipid produced?
ER membrane
105
what is the structure of oleosome?
half-unit membrane = lipid monolayer
106
What does the oleosomes membrane contain?
oleosin protein
107
What does the oleosin do?
help lipases bind to organelle surface to cleave fatty acid from glycerol backbone during glyoxylate cycle
108
What is the plasmodesmata of symplast compartment?
connect protoplasts of adjacent cells
109
What does plasmodesmata involve?
- intracellular communications (chemical signals)
- transport small molecular weight chemicals
- transport large molecules (proteins, nucleic acids)
110
what does plasmodesmata create?
size exclusion limit (SEL)
- regulate molecular traffic
111
What is the "typical plant cell"?
parenchyma cell
