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Plant Biology > Plant Anatomy > Flashcards

Plant Anatomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the structure of a “typical” plant cell?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • 6 unique features
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2
Q

What are the 6 unique features?

A
  • cell wall
  • dictyosomes
  • central vacuole
  • plastids (chloroplast)
  • peroxisomes
  • plasmodesmata
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3
Q

What is another name for golgi apparatus?

A

dictyosomes

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4
Q

what are the 3 regions of mature vacuolated plant cells?

A
  1. Cell Wall
  2. Cytosol
  3. Vacuole
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5
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

transport proteins regulate molecules between cytosol and cell wall

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6
Q

what does tonoplast do?

A

transport proteins in vacuolar membrane regulate molecules between cytosol and vacuole

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7
Q

what are the two compartments?

A
  1. non-living cell wall (Apoplast)
  2. living protoplasm (symplast)
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8
Q

what are the two major compartments?

A
  1. apoplast
  2. symplast
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9
Q

in plant tissues, what and what is continuous?

A

cell walls and cytosol from cell to cell

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10
Q

what is symplast?

A

continuum of living cytosol connected by plasmodesmata

Cytoplasmic continuum

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11
Q

What is apoplast?

A

continuum of non living cell wall continuum + extracellular spaces

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12
Q

What does apoplast compartment consist of?

A

cell wall

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13
Q

where is apoplast compartment present?

A

in all plant cells
except short-lived/protected cells - gametes

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14
Q

what is apoplast compartment composed of?

A

cellulose

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15
Q

why is apoplast compartment plays a vital role?

A
  • cell communication
  • support
  • protection
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16
Q

what is apoplast compartment considered?

A

dead and extracellular vs part of cell

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17
Q

what cell walls are in apoplast compartment?

A

primary and secondary cell walls and middle lamella

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18
Q

what are the apoplast compartment cell walls composed of?

A

complex polysaccharides

  • cellulose, hemicellulose
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19
Q

what is the basic unit of cell wall structure?

A

cellulose microfibril

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20
Q

what is the primary cell wall of apoplast compartment?

A

thin walls

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21
Q

where is the primary cell wall in apoplast compartment present in?

A

all plant cells, in young growing cells

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22
Q

when is primary cell wall formed?

A

outside of plasma membrane
- after cell division

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23
Q

what are primary cell walls of neighbouring cell walls glued together by?

A

middle lamella

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24
Q

what does symplast compartment includes?

A

plasma membrane and contents of protoplast

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25
Q

what are protoplast?

A

-cytoplasm/ cytosol (liquid, collodal phase)
- cytoskeleton
- membrane-bound organelles
( nucleus, ER, dictyosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, plastids, microbodies, plasmodesmata)

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26
Q

what is the symplast compartment plasma membrane composed of?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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27
Q

what is the symplast compartment plasma membrane described as?

A

fluid mosaic model

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28
Q

what is the symplast compartment plasma membrane referred to as?

A

cell membrane or plasmalemma

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29
Q

Why is the symplast compartment plasma membrane fluidity?

A

bc of phospholipids

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30
Q

why is symplast compartment plasma membrane mosaic?

A

bc peripheral and integral proteins

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31
Q

what is the structure of the symplast compartment plasma membrane?

A

dynamic

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32
Q

what does the symplast compartment plasma membrane control?

A

-substance enter/leave cell
- turgor pressure within cell affecting cell growth

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33
Q

what is turgor pressure?

A

force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

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34
Q

What is the symplast compartment cytosol?

A

liquid matrix within the cell

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35
Q

True or False
symplast compartment cytosol includes organelles?

A

False

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36
Q

What is the symplast compartment cytoplasm?

A

all of the cell contents inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus
- includes all organelles, membrane systems, macromolecules, colloids, ions, small molecules, water

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37
Q

what is the symplast compartment of cytoskeleton?

A

3D network of filamentous proteins in cytosol

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38
Q

what does the symplast compartment cytoskeleton involve?

A

-spatial organization
- movement of organelles
- mitosis/meiosis –> spindle formation

  • cytokinesis
  • cytoplasmic streaming
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39
Q

What can the cytoskeleton proteins do in the symplast compartment cytoskeleton?

A

assemble and diassemble

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40
Q

What are the 3 main types of filaments in symplast compartment cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microtubules
  2. microfilaments
  3. intermediate filaments
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41
Q

what are the movement of organelles in symplast compartment cytoskeleton?

A
  • organelles move within protoplast through “cytoplasmic streaming”
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42
Q

Where does the dictyosomes move in symplast compartment cytoskeleton?

A

move and collect near areas of synthesis (cell membranes and cell walls)

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43
Q

where does mitochondria move in symplast compartment cytoskeleton?

A

move to areas requiring energy (active transport)

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44
Q

where does chloroplasts move in symplast compartment cytoskeleton?

A

will move to optimize light capture

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45
Q

True or False
Organelle movement is random?

A

False

46
Q

What many membrane does the symplast compartment nucleus has?

A

double membrane

47
Q

what does the symplast compartment nucleus contain?

A

genetic information for regulating metabolism, growth and differentiation

48
Q

What are the two types of symplast compartment endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Rough ER
  • Smooth ER
49
Q

What is a rough ER?

A

covered with ribosomes

50
Q

What is smooth ER?

A

lacks ribosomes on surface

51
Q

What does rough ER involve?

A

protein synthesis

52
Q

What does smooth ER involve?

A

membrane assembly

53
Q

Where is the smooth ER?

A

lipid synthesis

54
Q

what is the symplast compartment endoplasmic reticulum?

A

outer membrane of nuclear envelope

55
Q

What does the dictyosomes in symplast compartment do?

A

produces, sorts, distributes secretory products throughout cell

56
Q

what dynamic is symplast compartment dictyosomes?

A

highly dynamic

57
Q

What role did dictyosomes symplast compartment have?

A

development of middle lamella and new cell wall

58
Q

What happens in mature plant cells’ vacuoles in symplast compartment vacuoles?

A

95% cell water-filled central vacuole

59
Q

What are the symplast compartment vacuoles surround by?

A

tonoplast unit membrane

60
Q

What does the symplast compartment vacuoles contain?

A

water and dissolved substances (pigments, salts, sugars, crystals, wastes)

61
Q

What does the symplast compartment vacuoles involve?

A
  • water balance
  • maintenance of turgor pressure
  • re-cycling damaged organelles
62
Q

what is the vacuome/vacuolar system?

A

totality of all of the diverse vacuoles within a cell

63
Q

What does the symplast compartment mitochondria involve?

A

energy conversion in cellular respiration

64
Q

What are the sites of the symplast compartment mitochondria?

A
  • cellular respiration
  • ATP synthesis
65
Q

what shape is the symplast compartment mitochondria?

A

rod-shaped

66
Q

what is the symplast compartment mitochondria surrounded by?

A

two unit membranes

67
Q

what is the inner membrane of the symplast compartment of mitochondria?

A

cristae (folds of membranes)

68
Q

Are symplast compartment mitochondria very mobile - move where energy source needed?

A

Yes

69
Q

What does the symplast compartment mitochondria have?

A

ribosomes
DNA
RNA

70
Q

Does symplast compartment mitochondria divide and fuse like bacteria?

A

Yes

71
Q

What does plastids symplast compartment contain?

A

Ribosomes
DNA
RNA

72
Q

How many membranes does plastids symplast compartment ?

A

two unit membranes

73
Q

How does the plastids symplast compartment replicate?

A

simple fission

74
Q

What are the types of plastids?

A
  • chromoplast
  • chloroplast
  • leucoplast
  • elaioplast
  • proteinoplast
  • amyloplast
  • statolith
75
Q

What is etioplasts?

A

immature chloroplasts
- specialized leucoplast storing oils

76
Q

What is amyloplasts?

A

unpigmented
- specialized leucoplast storing starch grains (potatoes) in root

77
Q

What is leucoplast?

A

unpigmented
- store organic substances (oils, proteins, starch)

78
Q

What is chromoplasts?

A
  • pigmented of other colours
79
Q

What is statolith?

A

specialized leucoplasts
- involved in gravitropism with starch grains
- helping roots grow down into soil (root cap)

80
Q

What does pigments in the chromoplast include?

A

-carotenoids
-anthocyanins
-xanthophylls
-chlorophyll

81
Q

what are carotenoids?

A

yellow/ orange colour

82
Q

What are the xanthophylls, anthocyanins?

A

other pigments

83
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

green pigment

84
Q

what are the responsability of chromoplast?

A

responsible for flower and fruit colour

85
Q

what is chloroplast?

A

specialized chromoplast containing chlorophyll

86
Q

What happens in the chloroplast?

A

photosynthesis occurs

87
Q

what does chloroplast involve?

A

energy conversion in photosynthesis

88
Q

What is the process of energy conversion of photosynthesis of chloroplast?

A
  • light reactions in thylakoid membranes
  • Calvin-Benson Cycle in stroma
89
Q

Where does the light reaction occur in chloroplast?

A

thylakoid membranes

90
Q

Where does the Calvin-Benson Cycle happen in chloroplast?

A

stroma

91
Q

What are proteinoplast?

A

specialized leucoplasts storing proteins

92
Q

Why would amyloplasts turn to chloroplasts?

A

triggered by exposure to light

93
Q

What does amyloplasts turn to chloroplasts cause in colour?

A

exposed roots, potato have greenish colour

94
Q

What shapes are the symplast compartment microbodies/oleosomes?

A

spherical organelles

95
Q

What are the two main types of microbodies?

A
  • peroxisomes
  • glyoxysomes
96
Q

What are the peroxisomes?

A

organelles involved in photorespiration

97
Q

What produces peroxide?

A

glycolate oxidation

98
Q

What can peroxide cause?

A

cellular damage

99
Q

What are glyoxysomes?

A

black dots all over cytoplasm

100
Q

where are glyoxysomes found in?

A

lipid-storing seeds

101
Q

What does glyoxysomes contain?

A

enzymes of glyoxylate cycle

102
Q

What does glyoxylate cycle convert to?

A

triacyglycerols to sugars during germination

103
Q

what are oleosome?

A

packet of oil - lipid bodies
triacyglycerol-storing bodies in seeds

104
Q

where is lipid produced?

A

ER membrane

105
Q

what is the structure of oleosome?

A

half-unit membrane = lipid monolayer

106
Q

What does the oleosomes membrane contain?

A

oleosin protein

107
Q

What does the oleosin do?

A

help lipases bind to organelle surface to cleave fatty acid from glycerol backbone during glyoxylate cycle

108
Q

What is the plasmodesmata of symplast compartment?

A

connect protoplasts of adjacent cells

109
Q

What does plasmodesmata involve?

A
  • intracellular communications (chemical signals)
  • transport small molecular weight chemicals
  • transport large molecules (proteins, nucleic acids)
110
Q

what does plasmodesmata create?

A

size exclusion limit (SEL)
- regulate molecular traffic

111
Q

What is the “typical plant cell”?

A

parenchyma cell

Plant Biology (9 decks)

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