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Plant Biology > Ecology - Abiotic Factors: CO2 Availability/Temperature > Flashcards

Ecology - Abiotic Factors: CO2 Availability/Temperature Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of ecology?

A

study of organisms’ relationship to environment

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2
Q

What are the examination of ecological factors?

A

abiotic and biotic

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3
Q

What does abiotic and biotic provide clues to?

A

how plants adapted to different environmental conditions on land

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4
Q

What are the key abiotic factors that determine plant distribution?

A

temperature
water (precipitation)

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5
Q

what is the definition of adaptation?

A

characteristic that promotes plant’s survival and reproduction in the environment that it has

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6
Q

what does adaptation includes?

A
  • external morphological modifications
  • histological changes in tissues/cells
    -physiological specializations (photosynthetic pathways)
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7
Q

True or False

any plant that is able to survive and reproduce in that environment has adapted to that environment?

A

True

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8
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

involves light captures, electron transport, carbohydrate biosynthesis

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9
Q

What are the environmental factors that affect photosynthetic rates directly?

A
  • light
    -temperature
    -CO2 concentrations
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10
Q

What are the environmental factors that affect photosynthetic rates indirectly?

A

-water (humidity/ soil moisture)
- nutrients

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11
Q

what does environmental stress led to for plants?

A

unique adaptations to permit survival in less than ideal conditions

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12
Q

what are the 5 key environmental factors affect photosynthesis?

A
  1. effect of CO2 concentration/fluxes
  2. effect of temperature changes
  3. effect of light availability/ quality
  4. effect of water availability
  5. effect of soil conditions (nutrient levels)
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13
Q

what is photosynthesis controlled by?

A

“supply” and “demand” of photosynthetic palisade/spongy mesophyll cells for CO2 or by CO2 inside leaf cells

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14
Q

Where is photosynthesis happening in leaf?

A

inside leaf cells

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15
Q

where is supply of CO2 thru gas exchange controlled by?

A

stomata that are controlled by guard cells

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16
Q

what do guard cells respond to?

A

water levels that are impacted by temperature

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17
Q

what does photosynthesis require?

A

coordination of all cell activity within leaf

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18
Q

what is the ancestoral pathway?

A

C3 photosynthetic pathways

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19
Q

what plants are considered C3 plants?

A

most plants

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20
Q

What does the C3 plants do?

A

maintain CO2 in leaves above the CO2

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21
Q

What is the CO2 compensation point?

A

intracellular CO2 concentrations in leaf cells that support photosynthetic balance of cellular respiration rates

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22
Q

what is the photosynthetic CO2 consumption?

A

respiratory CO2 production

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23
Q

what does leaves in C3 plants regulate?

A

internal [CO2] between limits imposed by Calvin Cycle

24
Q

What does the Calvin Cycle do?

A
  • capacity to re-generate RuBP
  • carboxylation capacity of Rubisco
25
Q

What are the certain conditions that with Rubisco -oxygenase function favoured in C3 plants?

A
  1. high temperatures
  2. low CO2 concentrations
  3. high O2 concentrations
26
Q

What happens when hot and dry to plants?

A
  • stomata close to reduce water loss
  • reduces gas exchange
    CO2 levels drop, O2 accumulates
27
Q

how is balance between two Cycles determined?

A
  1. kinetic properties of plant’s Rubisco
  2. relative concentration of substrates (CO2 and O2)
  3. temperature (affects stomatal opening/closing)
28
Q

What does increasing in external temperature do to plants?

A

1) modifies kinetic constants of Rubisco
- favours oxygenation over carboxylation

2)lowers CO2 concentration in a solution more than for O2
- favours oxygenation over carboxylation

29
Q

what does increasing temperature favours?

A

photorespiration over the Calvin Cycle C3 pathway

30
Q

True or False
many photosynthetic organisms do photorespire?

A

False

31
Q

what happens when plants do not show photorespiration?

A

normal Rubisco

32
Q

how are alternative pathways evolve?

A

through modifications of photosynthetic pathways

33
Q

what are the alternative pathways with CO2 concentrating mechanisms?

A
  1. C4 photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Pathway
  2. CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) Pathway
34
Q

what oxygenase activity of Rubisco limit?

A

photosynthesis especially under warmer temperatures and water stress

35
Q

What does C4 photosynthesis evolve?

A

compensate for low atmospheric [CO2} using spatial separation

36
Q

What is C4 pathway?

A

spatial separation

37
Q

where does evolved C4 pathway live?

A

terrestrial habitats where temperature was high

38
Q

what happens to plants with older C3 pathway?

A

could not compete with plants with the new C4 pathway

39
Q

what happens to C4 plants with CO2 concentrating mechanisms?

A

at carboxylation sites in chloroplasts is saturating for Rubisco activity

40
Q

What are C4 plants require?

A

less Rubisco than C3 plants for similar rates of photosynthesis

41
Q

What does C4 plants use more efficiently than C3 plants?

A

water and nitrogen

42
Q

What does C4 plants use less efficiently than C3 plants?

A

light - have higher energy requirement

43
Q

what are the shade plants classified?

A

C3 plants because of lower energy requirements under low light conditions

44
Q

what is CAM pathway and for what?

A

Crassulacean Acid Metabolic Pathway
for temporal separation

45
Q

What does CAM pathway occur in?

A

cacti, orchids, bromeliads, other succulents

46
Q

What happens during CAM pathway to plants?

A

opposite to C3 and C4 plants

stomata open at night (during cooler conditions) and closed at day

47
Q

where are plants that are lowest transpiration ratio in?

A

desert-adapted plants with CAM photosynthesis

48
Q

What is the transpiration ratio?

A

water lost (g) : CO2 uptake (g)

49
Q

what is the transpiration Ratio for C3 plants?

A

500 : 1

50
Q

What is the transpiration ratio for C4 plants?

A

250 : 1

51
Q

What is the transpiration ratio for CAM plants?

A

50 : 1

52
Q

what is the range ratio of water loss?

A

greater than 250 to 500 molecules of H2O : 1 molecule CO2

53
Q

why is water loss a problem?

A

dehydration, wilting

54
Q

what is the benefit of water loss?

A

leaf cooling

55
Q

what is the problem of high temperatures on leaves?

A

Plant Biology (9 decks)

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