Solubility Flashcards
Supersaturated
When you add more solute, but it causes some previous solute in the solution to precipitate out
Saturated
Has undissolved substances at the bottom bc the solution has dissolved all it can
Unsaturated
A solution that completely dissolves and leaves no remaining solute at the bottom
Solubility
max amount of solute that will dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure
Agitate
by stirring and shaking a substance, you will get more collisions between solute and solvent
What factors increase dissolution?
Agitate, increase surface area, increase temp - anything that increases the number / rate of collisions
dispersion
the electron cloud on non-polar molecules can be temporarily distorted to cause an instantaneous dipole moment
dipole
partial positive and partial negative regions that form on polar molecules
hydrogen bonding
H and NFO
homogeneous
a solution that has uniform properties throughout the mixture
colloid
a heterogeneous mixture formed when very small particles remain suspended in a mixture
alloy
a mixture of metals
molarity
moles of solute per liter of solution
molality
moles of solute per kg of solute
miscible
2 liquids that uniformally mix together
dissociation
when ionic compounds dissolve in water and separate into cations and anions - ONLY DISSOCIATE IONIC!
immiscible
2 liquids that will separate after being mixed
ppm
describes a mixture by taking the ratio of solvent to solution and multiplying by a million
ppb
describes a mixture by taking the ratio of solvent to solution and multiplying by a billion
electrolyte
a solution with dissolved ions that can conduct electricity - has to be soluble, ionic, acid or base
colligative
a physical property that depends only on the identity of a solute, not the amount
malleable
a property of metals that allows them to be pounded into shapes
ductile
a property of metals that allows them to be stretched into wire
As IMFs increase, vapor pressure
decreases
Volatile
a liquid with weak imfs that goes to the gas phase (evaporates)readily
When IMFs increase, the melting point
increases
dilute
has a relatively small amount of solute present in a solution
concentrated
has a relatively large amount of solute present in a solution
dilution
add solvent to a solution to decrease the molarity
cohesion
forces of attraction that hold neighboring molecules together
adhesion
forces of attraction that hold molecules onto a surface such as glass
intramolecular
ionic and covalent bonds
intermolecular
attraction between neighboring molecules
distillation
separates mixtures based on differing boiling points
Nonpolar
classification for hydrocarbons (substances made of only H & C)
Mobile
when ions are this, they allow electrons to move and thus conduct electricity
Overall rule for solubility
like dissolves like - oil = nonpolar, H2O = polar
Strong Acids
HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO3, HClO4
Strong bases
OH- with a metal from Gr 1 or 2, except Be and Mg
Are ionics strong electrolytes?
yes
Psolution =
Xsolvent Psolvent
Xsolvent =
Nsolvent / Nsolvent + Nsolute
As IMFs increase, freezing point
decreases
molality equation
moles solute / kg solvent
or
mass / molar mass
—————————
Kg of solvent
% mass =
mass solute
—————— x 100
mass solution
% volume =
volume solute
——————— x 100
volume solution
Voom-Voom
V1M1 = V2M2
