Sollars - Patterns of Inheritance I / II Flashcards

1
Q

Index Case

A

Clinically affected family member through whom attention is first drawn

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2
Q

Penetrance

A

Probability gene will have any phenotypic expression at all

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3
Q

Expressivity

A

Severity of expression of the phenotype

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4
Q

Pleiotropy

A

When an allele of a gene produces several phenotypic effects

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5
Q

Autosomal Dominant

A
  1. Multiple Generations
  2. Males/Females Equal
  3. Male to Male
  4. 50/50 shot for offspring of affected

Homozygous = lethal

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6
Q

Polycytic Kidney Disease

(ADPKD)

vs

(ARPKD)

A

ADPKD - Renal cyst disease; 1:500 Late Onset, Autosomal Dominant

ARPKD - Renal cyst disease; Early Onset, Autosomal Recessive

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7
Q

What are most inborn errors of metabolism? (enzymes, proteins, etc)

A

Autosomal Recessive

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8
Q

Autosomal Recessive

A
  1. Males/Females Equal
  2. Both parents must be carriers
  3. Recurrence risk = 25% for offspring
  4. Some Ethnic groups are hit harder
  5. Consanguinity can play a role
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9
Q

Tay Sachs

A

Autosomal Recessive

Ethnic prevalence in Ashkenazi Jews

Cherry red spot retina

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10
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Autosomal Recessive

Mental retardation, fair skin, preventable w/early diet intervention

Caucasians

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11
Q

Consanguinity

A

Genetic relationship w/one common ancestor (inbreeding)

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12
Q

Avg Genes Shared for:

Parents/Siblings/Children

Grandparents/Aunts/Uncles/Nieces/Nephews/Grandchildren

First Cousins

First Cousins, Once Removed

A

50

25

  1. 5
  2. 25
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13
Q

At what level of consanguinity does the risk = normal population risk?

A

Fourth; ~6.25%

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14
Q

Isonymous Marriage

A

Same surname, but doesn’t always = consanguinity; e.g. Smith is a common name

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15
Q

X Linked Recessive

A
  1. Much higher in males
  2. All daughters of infected males will be carriers (they only have one X to give)
  3. Sons of carrier females 50/50 chance
  4. Never father to son (they give a Y, not X)
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16
Q

Hemophilia A

A

X linked recessive

1:5000 males

*** Exception would be Turner female

17
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystophy (DMD)

A

X Linked Recessive

1:3000 males; 1:2500 females carrier

Defect in HUGE gene (Xp21)

18
Q

X Linked Dominant

A
  1. Twice as many females as males (2x X chroms)
  2. Affected females (heterozygote); 50/50 offspring transmission
  3. All daughters, no sons of affected males, rules out autosomal inheritance
19
Q

Rett Syndrome

A

X Linked Dominant

Mental retardation in females; usually lethan in males

20
Q

Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

A

X Linked Dominant

Xp22.2-p22.1

21
Q

Mitochondrial Inheritance

A
  1. Maternal origin
  2. All offspring of affected female at risk
  3. All daughts of affected/carrier female at risk of transmitting

Heteroplasmy of mitochondria key to varying phenotypes

22
Q

Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)

A

Mitochondrial

Rapid bilateral death of optic nerve in young adults; more severe in males; rare

23
Q

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS)

A

Mitochondrial

Pigmentary degeneration of retina and cardiomyopathy

24
Q

MERRF (ragged red fiber)

A

Mitochondrial

25
Q

Y-Linked (Holandic) Inheritance

A

Only males affected

Only father to son

26
Q

Pseudoautosomal Inheritance

A

Pertains to set of genes carried by both X/Y chromosomes; involved with sex reversal

27
Q

Chromosome Translocation Inheritance Pattern

A
  1. Individuals w/balanced translocations can pass on multiple possibilites of gametes
  2. Miscarriages
  3. Infertility
  4. Unusual/dysmorphic features
  5. Child/stillbirth w/malformations
28
Q

Additivity Principle

A

OR

P(1) + P(2)

29
Q

Indpendence Principle (Multiplication)

A

AND

P(1,2) = P(1)*P(2)

30
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Rules

A
  1. No mutations
  2. No migration
  3. Random mating
  4. No genetic drift
  5. No selection
31
Q
A