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EOM 1 - Test 3 > Brazeau - Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Brazeau - Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal number of chromosomes Can cause over or under production of genes

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2
Q

Four phases of cell cycle

A

G1 S G2 M Interphase between M phases

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3
Q

Growth Phases? Replication of the DNA? Segregation of the DNA

A

G1 / G2 S Phase M Phase

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4
Q

What is the largest segment of the cell cycle?

A

G1 Phase

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5
Q

What is the exception to the G1 phase?

A

Early cell divisions of embryos proceed w/out G1/G2 phase

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6
Q

G2 Phase

A

Second growth phase, preparation for mitosis

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7
Q

What is main regulator of DNA replication? What prevents re-initiation of replication?

A

MCM helicase kinase activity during late G1/S

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8
Q

What controls entry into the cell cycle?

A

Availability of growth factors

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9
Q

What links cell division to conditions in the cell’s environment?

A

Growth factors

These will initiate cell division

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10
Q

Signaling Cascades

A

Downstream mediators of growth factors

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11
Q

Cyclins

A

Regulate activity of cyclin dependent kinases

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12
Q

Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CdK)

A

Activate components of pathways responsible for DNA synthesis and events of mitosis

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13
Q

Cdk Inhibitors

A

Provide additional control in specific situations

e.g Absence of growth signals or DNA damage

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14
Q

Checkpoints

A

Additional regulation, “quality assurance”

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15
Q

What compound regulates the transition from G2 to M?

A

MPF (CycB / Cdk 1)

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16
Q

What binds to cyclins dependent kinases to regulate their activity?

A

Cyclins

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17
Q

MPF

A

Mitosis Promoting Factor

Cyclin B / CDK 1

Regulates G2 - M

18
Q

What occurs following Cyclin B binding to Cdk1 (forming MPF complex)?

A
  • CDK Activating Kinase (CAK) Adds +P to CDK1
  • Wee1 Kinase Adds Inhibitory +P to CDK1
  • Cdc25 removes inhibitory-P

- Active MPF initiates M phase

- APC ubiquitinates and targets for proteosomes

19
Q

CAK

A

Activating kinase, phosphorylates Cdk1 for activation

20
Q

Wee1 Kinase

A

Adds inhibitory phosphate to Cdk1

21
Q

Cdc25 Phosphatase

A

Removes inhibitory phosphate added by Wee1 Kinase

22
Q

What tags Cyclin B for degradation?

A

APC ubiquitinates

23
Q

CdK/Cyclin: Early G1 - R

A

Cdk 4,6/CycD

24
Q

CdK/Cyclin: G1 - S

A

Cdk2/CycE

25
Q

CdK/Cyclin: G2 - M

A

Cdk1/CycB

26
Q

What major complexes regulate Cdks?

A

Cyclin

CAK (activate)

Wee1 (inhibit)

Cdc25 (activate)

CKI (inhibit)

27
Q

Ink 4 Family

A

Cdk 4,6 Inhibitor

Inhibits progression through G1

28
Q

Cip/Kip

A

Cdk2/CycE (or A) inhibitor

Blocks progress through G1 and S

Often involved in cancer

29
Q

What does growth factor binding to its receptor trigger?

What happens if GF removed before R?

After?

A

Synthesis of Cyclin D (need to build this up)

Cell will enter G0

Cell cycle will be completed

30
Q

Major growth factors for Cyc D synthesis?

A

Ras/Raf

MEK/ERK

31
Q

What drives the cell cycle through the R-point in G1?

A

Cdk4,6/Cycd

32
Q

What are main targets of Cdk4,6/CycD?

A

Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb)

33
Q

When not phosphorylated, is the role of Rb?

When phosphorylated?

What kinase phosphorylates the complex?

A

Binds E2F, and represses transcription genes for cell cycle progression

Rb dissociates from E2F; transcription proceeds

Cdk4,6/CycD

34
Q

What does passage through R and initiation of DNA synthesis require?

What inhibits this until the proper time?

How is this inhibition removed?

What occurs once this inhibition is removed?

A

Activation of Cdk2/CycE

KIP family (p27)

CycE synthesis increases, p27 decreases

DNA synthesis begins

35
Q

DNA Damage Checkpoints

A

Protect cell from replication errors or pasisng down damaged DNA

36
Q

Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

A

Ensure chromoosmes are aligned properly so each daughter cell receives one copy of each chromosome

37
Q

How many DNA damage checkpoints are there?

How many spindle assembly checkpoints are there?

A

3x

G1

S

G2

1x

M

38
Q

ATM/ATR

A

Kinases part of damage recognition complexes; phosphorylate downstreak kinases–

Chk1 / Chk2

39
Q

Chk1/Chk2

A

Downstream kinases which phosphorylate Cdc25; blocking Cdk1 and Cdk2

40
Q

What phosphorylates p53?

A

ATM/Chk2

41
Q

p53

A

Transcription factor that regulates trasncription of CKI 21; increases lead to increas in p21.

p21 inhibits Cdk2/CycE complex, causing G1 arrest

42
Q
A

EOM 1 - Test 3 (18 decks)

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