Miles - Cancer Bio 1

Question 1

Benign

Answer 1

Expansive, slow growth, differentiates, does NOT metastasize

Question 2

Adenoma

Answer 2

Benign epithelial neoplasm

Question 3

Lipoma

Answer 3

Benign mesenchymal neoplasm

Question 4

Malignant

Answer 4

Infiltrative, fast growth, poor differentiation, metastasize

Question 5

Carcinoma

Answer 5

90% of cancer, 80% of deaths

Malignant epithelial neoplasm

Question 6

Malignancy of cells that serve protective functions

Answer 6

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Question 7

Malignancy of cells that secrete substances into ducts or cavities

Answer 7

Adenocarcinoma

Question 8

Sarcoma

Answer 8

Malignant mesenchymal neoplasm

Solid tumor of connective tissue (except blood)

Question 9

Lymphoma/Leukemia

Answer 9

Malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells

Question 10

How do tumors usually start?

Answer 10

Hyperplastic lesion which undergoes metaplasia

Question 11

Dysplastic Lesions

Answer 11

Abnormal structure/function

Question 12

Growth Process: Hyperplasia

Answer 12

Hyper Genesis = proliferation of cells; growth or enlargement

Question 13

Growth Process: Metaplasia

Answer 13

Adaptive substitution of one cell type for another (pre-malignant change, replaced by more capable tissue under stress)

Question 14

Growth Process: Dysplasia

Answer 14

Abnormality in cell size, appearance, with or without a disorganized growth pattern (ex polyps)

Question 15

Metastatic Growth

Answer 15

Once growth invades other tissues

Question 16

Growth Process: Neoplasia

Answer 16

Disease of cells characterized by alteration of normal growth regulator mechanisms–activation of uncontrolled signaling cascades

Question 17

Growth Process: Desmoplasia

Answer 17

Formation and proliferation of connective tissue in response to neoplastic growth (angiogenesis?)

Question 18

Tumor Viruses: DNA Genome

Answer 18

Hepatitis B
SV40/Polyomavirus
Papillomavirus
Adenovirus
Herpes Virus

Question 19

Tumor Viruses: RNA Genomes

Answer 19

Hepatitis C

Retrovirus

Question 20

What are the principle causes of liver cancer?

Answer 20

Hep B/Hep C

Chronic infections prior to cancer

Question 21

Papillomavirus

Answer 21

Small DNA virus

Infect epithelial cells; some cause benign (warts) others cause carcinoma

Pap smear test

Question 22

What two herpesviruses cause human cancer?

Answer 22

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Epstein-Barr

Question 23

Retrovirus

Answer 23

Cause of adult T-Cell leukemia

Question 24

What are the three levels of cancer prevention?

Answer 24

Primary - Avoiding Carcinogens

Secondary - Early diagnosis

Tertiary - Reducing recurrence or spreading

Question 25

Are cancer deaths increasing, decreasing, or staying the same?

Answer 25

Increasing

Question 26

How does cancer usually kill?

Answer 26

1. Occlusion of essential duct (e.g. colon, broncial)

2. Mass causes dysfunction from replacement of the substance of a parenchymatous organ (e.g. brain, hepatic)

Question 27

What are early warning signs of cancer?

Answer 27

Lump
Sores that won't heal
Weight loss
Effusion
Fever
Fatigue
Unusual bleeding

Question 28

What type of disease is cancer?

Answer 28

A progressive disease

Question 29

What are the two steps of the cancer process?

Answer 29

Tumor Initiation

Tumor Progression

Question 30

Clonal Selection

Answer 30

Mutations which give tumor an advantage

Question 31

What are 6 properties of cancer?

Answer 31

1. Angiogenesis
2. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
3. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
4. Evasion of apoptosis
5. Limitless replicative potential
6. Tissue invasion and metastasis

Question 32

Uncontrolled Proliferation

Answer 32

Autocrine Growth stimulation present

Cancer cells do NOT display contact inhibition

Question 33

Insensitivity to Antigrowth Signals

Answer 33

Cancer cells do not exhibit density dependent inhibition

Question 34

When is angiogenesis required for tumors?

Answer 34

As tumor size increases beyond 2mm