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Population and the Environment > Soils > Flashcards

Soils Flashcards

1
Q

How are soil horizons labelled?

A

O, A, B, C, R

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2
Q

What is the O horizon in soils?

A

organic matter

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3
Q

What is the A horizon in soils?

A

Topsoil

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4
Q

What is the B horizon in soils?

A

Subsoil

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5
Q

What is the C horizon in soils?

A

Unconsolidated material

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6
Q

What is the R horizon in soils?

A

Bedrock/parent material

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7
Q

Where are Vertisols found?

A

SE Asia, in tropical monsoon climate

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8
Q

Where are Gelisols found?

A

polar tundra climate

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9
Q

What percentage of the World’s population is supported by gelisols?

A

0.1%

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10
Q

What % of the Earth’s surface is gelisols?

A

13%

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11
Q

What % of particles in vertisols are clay-sized?

A

30%

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12
Q

What feature of clay soils makes them suitable for rice farming?

A

impermeable when saturated

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13
Q

How do vertisols mix?

A

shrinking and swelling due to varying dry and wet climate

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14
Q

How do gelisols mix?

A

cryoturbation
frozen soil freezes and melts, when it melts, nutrients and soil can move across horizons

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15
Q

What % of the Earth’s surface is vertisols?

A

2.7%

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16
Q

How does soil impact agriculture?

A
  • determines type of crops that can be grown and whether crops can be grown at all
  • determines the time-taken and the need for human intervention (TFP)
  • impact vulnerability to change
17
Q

What do gelisols store?

A

carbon

18
Q

What are the 2 main types of soil erosion?

A

water and wind

19
Q

What are the 4 types of water soil erosion?

A
  • sheet
  • gully
  • rill
  • river bank
20
Q

What are the 4 types of wind soil erosion?

A
  • saltation
  • abrasion and attrition
  • suspension
  • creep
21
Q

When does wind erosion occur?

A

when force exerted by wind is greater than gravity and the cohesive forces acting on the soils

22
Q

How much damage does wind cause in the Great Plains of the USA per year?

A

30million ha

23
Q

How much soil has been eroded annually? How has this impacted agriculture?

A

75 million tonnes = 9 million ha in productivity

24
Q

What are the impacts of soil erosion on agriculture?

A
  • need more inputs
  • crops damaged due to sediments in the wind
  • loss of nutrients and fertilisers
25
Q

What are the environmental impacts of soil erosion?

A
  • eutrophication
  • change in the turbidity of water
  • damage marine life and ecosystems

Population and the Environment (23 decks)

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