Health

Question 1

What is health?

Answer 1

state of physical, mental and social well being, not merely the absence/presence of disease

Question 2

What is morbidity?

Answer 2

suffering from illness/poor health

Question 3

What is mortality?

Answer 3

the number of deaths within a population

Question 4

What are NCDs?

Answer 4

Non-communicable diseases, diseases which cannot pass between people

Question 5

How many deaths did COVID-19 cause by the end of 2020?

Answer 5

1.7 million

Question 6

How many deaths worldwide were caused by ischaemic heart disease (most notably CHD) in 2019?

Answer 6

8.9 million

Question 7

How many deaths worldwide were caused by heart disease in 2000?

Answer 7

2million

Question 8

By what % did deaths from HIV/AID decrease over the last 20 years?

Answer 8

51%

Question 9

Why do pre-industrial countries have high mortality?

Answer 9

• wars, famines and epidemics
• no technology, poor healthcare
• positive population checks

Question 10

Why do early-industrial countries have decreasing mortality?

Answer 10

• advances in medicine
• sanitation
• imported knowledge from HICs

Question 11

Why do late-industrial countries have low mortality?

Answer 11

• higher life expectancy (50+)
• better healthcare and education

Question 12

Why do post-industrial countries have low DR and high LEs?

Answer 12

• financial support
• better quality of life
• improved healthcare

Question 13

When was the 4th stage of the ETM added?

Answer 13

1980s

Question 14

What diseases are common in pre-industrial countries?

Answer 14

pestilence and famine

Question 15

What diseases are common in early-industrial countries?

Answer 15

pandemics

Question 16

What diseases are common in late-industrial countries?

Answer 16

degenerative, man-made diseases

Question 17

What diseases are common in post-industrial countries?

Answer 17

delayed degenerative diseases and emerging infections

Question 18

What are the 2 options for the possible 5th stage of the ETM?

Answer 18

• inactivity and obesity
• new communicable diseases

Question 19

Why might communicable diseases re-emerge in a possible 5th stage?

Answer 19

• globalisation
• bacteria becoming resistant
• population density increases

Question 20

What is the Western model of the ETM?

Answer 20

slow decline in DR, followed by lower FR

Question 21

What is the accelerated model of the ETM?

Answer 21

rapid transition and fall in mortality

Question 22

What is the delayed model of the ETM?

Answer 22

decreases in DR niot accompanied by reduced FR

Question 23

How might technology contribute to changes shown in the ETM? (incliuding past examples)

Answer 23

• 1/2 the deaths prevented in the 19th century were due to water sanitation
• penicillin had a global decrease in DR
• diagnosing more diseases

Question 24

How might social development contribute to changes shown in the ETM?

Answer 24

• sanitation awareness
• education
• antibiotics and vaccines
• aid programmes

Question 25

How might economic development contribute to changes shown in the ETM?

Answer 25

• technology (food/water/hospitals/healthcare/medicines)
• transport infrastructure (physical access to healthcare)
• trade relationships
• infrastructure improvements