Health Flashcards
What is health?
state of physical, mental and social well being, not merely the absence/presence of disease
What is morbidity?
suffering from illness/poor health
What is mortality?
the number of deaths within a population
What are NCDs?
Non-communicable diseases, diseases which cannot pass between people
How many deaths did COVID-19 cause by the end of 2020?
1.7 million
How many deaths worldwide were caused by ischaemic heart disease (most notably CHD) in 2019?
8.9 million
How many deaths worldwide were caused by heart disease in 2000?
2million
By what % did deaths from HIV/AID decrease over the last 20 years?
51%
Why do pre-industrial countries have high mortality?
- wars, famines and epidemics
- no technology, poor healthcare
- positive population checks
Why do early-industrial countries have decreasing mortality?
- advances in medicine
- sanitation
- imported knowledge from HICs
Why do late-industrial countries have low mortality?
- higher life expectancy (50+)
- better healthcare and education
Why do post-industrial countries have low DR and high LEs?
- financial support
- better quality of life
- improved healthcare
When was the 4th stage of the ETM added?
1980s
What diseases are common in pre-industrial countries?
pestilence and famine
What diseases are common in early-industrial countries?
pandemics
What diseases are common in late-industrial countries?
degenerative, man-made diseases
What diseases are common in post-industrial countries?
delayed degenerative diseases and emerging infections
What are the 2 options for the possible 5th stage of the ETM?
- inactivity and obesity
- new communicable diseases
Why might communicable diseases re-emerge in a possible 5th stage?
- globalisation
- bacteria becoming resistant
- population density increases
What is the Western model of the ETM?
slow decline in DR, followed by lower FR
What is the accelerated model of the ETM?
rapid transition and fall in mortality
What is the delayed model of the ETM?
decreases in DR niot accompanied by reduced FR
How might technology contribute to changes shown in the ETM? (incliuding past examples)
- 1/2 the deaths prevented in the 19th century were due to water sanitation
- penicillin had a global decrease in DR
- diagnosing more diseases
How might social development contribute to changes shown in the ETM?
- sanitation awareness
- education
- antibiotics and vaccines
- aid programmes
How might economic development contribute to changes shown in the ETM?
- technology (food/water/hospitals/healthcare/medicines)
- transport infrastructure (physical access to healthcare)
- trade relationships
- infrastructure improvements
