Japan Flashcards
What are 3 reasons that Japan’s FR is so low?
- culture that promotes singleness
- working women: high-tech industries, jobs may be affected by having children
- traditional views on marriage
- children are expensive
What % of births in Japan are outside of marriage?
2%
What 3 things could Japan do to increase FRs and reduce issues associated with ageing population?
- technology to improve efficiency of older population
- increased immigration
- encouraging marriage and babies
What % of Japan’s population are born outside of Japan?
2%
How much debt does Japan have?
£7 trillion
What is Japan’s dependency ratio?
71%
How much of Japan’s population is expected to die in the next 25 years?
1/3
What is Japan’s FR?
1.34
What is Japan’s population (2023)?
123 million
What is Japan’s population expected to be in 2050?
100 million
How has an ageing population impacted Japan’s character?
- infrastructure changes; fewer schools, increase in care homes/hospitals
- attitudes and society
- leisure activities catered towards older people
What is Japan’s population expected to be in 2100?
85 million
When did women have to return to work in Japan? Why?
1990s, real estate bubble bust
What is Genki?
idea of health and happiness in Japan, a healthy attitude and culture
How has Japan’s changing demography impacted geopolitics?
- Japan trying to maintain economic and political status
- armed forces, decrease in security especially with threats from China
What % of Japan’s population live in Urban areas?
92%
What has happened post-WW2 that has changed Japan’s society?
Westernisation, increase in ideas of nuclear families, and also women working
What % of Japan’s population are economically active?
58%
What % of the elderly live with their children?
65%
What is the expected shortfall of healthcare workers in 2050?
370,000
What % of GDP is spent on pensions? Elderly healthcare?
10% Pensions
21%
How much has life expectancy increased by since the 1960s?
16.5 years
Why is Japanese life expectancy so high?
reduced communicable diseases and cardiovascular diseases because:
- improved housing
- rising prosperity
- public health interventions (Health Japan 21)
- universal health insurance system
What is Health Japan 21?
national health promotion movement, tackling underlying causes of NCDs and health inequality
How much did Japan spend on healthcare, in 2018 per capita?
US$4766 (higher than OECD average)
How is per capita health expenditure different between 80-year olds and 20 year olds?
for an average 80 year old, spending per capita is 11 x higher than for an average 20 year old
How much does the WHO predict spending on healthcare will rise in Japan, due to an ageing population?
predict a 2.59 percentage point rise in health expenditure as a share of GDP, between 2020 and 2060
What is a downside of japan Health 21?
only 17% targets achieved in first term
What may be a positive of the ageing population?
increase in jobs in private healthcare settings
What are the economic costs of an ageing population?
- fewer workers in future
- higher taxes, as higher dependency ratio
What has japan done to try increase FRs?
- reduce costs associated with having children
- no tuition fees for preschools (3-5yr olds) as of 2019
