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population geog > soil problems > Flashcards

soil problems Flashcards

1
Q

wha are the 4 types of soil problems?

A

soil erosion
water logging
salinisation
structural deterioration

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2
Q

what is soil erosion

A

a relocation of wearing away of topsoil

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3
Q

how is soil erosion caused?

A

rain, wind
cultivation and deforestation
overgrazing
humans can speed it up

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4
Q

what are the impacts of soil erosion?

A 
recue crop yields 
crop growth becomes more expensive 
soil loses ability to retain water 
reduces fertility of soil 
increased water run off causing flooding
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5
Q

why would farmers want to protect their soils against erosion?

A

top layer contains the most nutrients

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6
Q

what are solutions to soil erosion?

A

providing surface cover from wind and rain, e.g. tarpaulin
conservation cropping
installing field drains
increasing plant cover

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7
Q

what is water logging?

A

pore spaces in soil are filled with water rather than air so there is not enough respiration being done by plants
excessive amount of water in soil

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8
Q

how is water logging caused?

A

hecy rainfall
underlying impermeable rock
water table rises
rainwater exceeds the amount of water absorbed

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9
Q

what are the impacts of water logging?

A

lack of oxygen causes plant roots to decompose causing growth and development to be stalled

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10
Q

what are the two condition water logging can occur under?

A

surface fed water logging

ground fed water logging

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11
Q

what is surface fed water logging?

A

water added from rain, irrigation water and flood water exceed rate of evaporation

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12
Q

what is ground fed water logging?

A

rate of rising groundwater is not matched by rate of evaporation

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13
Q

what are the solutions to water logging?

A

darinage canals to carry water away

growing crops that are tolerant to water

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14
Q

what is salinisation?

A

a build up of salt in soils, leading to toxic levels for plants

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15
Q

what are the causes of salinisation/

A

sea level change
high temp and low precipitation
over abstraction of ground water

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16
Q

what are the impacts of salinisation?

A

reduces osmosis that takes place in plants so they cannot absorb water
reducing crop yield and productivity
salt crust can form on top

17
Q

what estimated percentage is affected by salinisation worldwide?

A

10-20%

18
Q

what is the solution for salinisation?

A

flushing the soil with large volumes of water

19
Q

what is the issue with flushing the soil?

A

run off causes rivers to have all the salt

population geog (23 decks)

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