Sodium Homeostasis and Edema

Question 1

extracellular fluid is maintained by

Answer 1

• total body sodium

Question 2

intracellular fluid is maintained by

Answer 2

• sodium concentration

Question 3

disorders of volume are disorders of

Hypo or hypervolemia

Answer 3

• total body sodium metabolism

These are problems with sodium balance

Question 4

disorders of sodium concentration are disorders of

Hypo or hypernatremia

Answer 4

• water metabolism

These are problems with water balance

Question 5

what is the effector molecule for extracellular volume

Answer 5

• chloride

Question 6

chloride is sensed where

Answer 6

• at the macula densa

Question 7

edema is palpable swelling produced by expansion of

Answer 7

• interstitial fluid volume

Question 8

edema is not apparent until interstitial fluid volume has increased by

Answer 8

• 2.5-3 L

Question 9

placeholder for intracellular fluid

Answer 9

• potassium

Question 10

placeholder for extracellular fluid

Answer 10

• sodium

Question 11

placeholder for plasma

Answer 11

• albumin

Question 12

effective circulating volume is maintained by

Answer 12

• sodium retention and excretion

Question 13

afferents for volume regulation maintenance/defense

Answer 13

• baroreceptors

- JGA

Question 14

efferents for volume regulation maintenance/defense

Answer 14

• sympathetic nervous system
• RAAS
• vasopressin/ADH

Question 15

effect for volume regulation maintenance/defense

Answer 15

• sodium retention
• vasoconstriction
• water retention

Question 16

afferents for osmoregulation maintenance/defense

Answer 16

• hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Question 17

efferents for osmoregulation maintenance/defense

Answer 17

• vasopressin/ADH

- thirst

Question 18

effect of osmoregulation maintenance/defense

Answer 18

• water retention (intake)

Question 19

when you ingest sodium, does it go to your ICF or ECF first

what is the response?

Answer 19

• ECF
• water will rush out of your cells into the ECF
• you’ll be thirsty
• you’ll release ADH

Question 20

ANP is release by

Answer 20

• cardiac atria

Question 21

since the plasma volume is only 3-3.5 liters _______ retains dietary salt and water to replenish fluid lost into the interstitial compartment

Answer 21

• kidneys

Question 22

two basic steps of edema

Answer 22

• alteration in capillary hydrostatic/oncotic pressure

- retention of dietary sodium and water by the kidneys

Question 23

possible causes edema formation due to increased hydrostatic pressure due to retention of salt and water

Answer 23

• CHF
• cirrhosis
• nephrosis

Question 24

possible causes of edema formation due to decreased capillary oncotic pressure due to hypoalbuminemia

Answer 24

• nephrotic syndrome
• cirrhosis
• catabolic states

Question 25

possible causes of edema formation due to increased capillary wall permeability

Answer 25

• sepsis
• toxins
• anaphylaxis
• inflammation

Question 26

result of congestive heart failure

Answer 26

• reduction in extracellular volume (effective arterial blood volume)
• activation of SNS, RAAS, ADH
• renal salt and water retention
• often with renal impairment

Question 27

cardinal features of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 27

• urinary protein excretion of more than 3.5 gram per 24 hours
• hypoalbuminemia
• peripheral edema
• lipiduria
• dyslipidemia

Question 28

result of heavy proteinuria in nephritic syndrome

Answer 28

• decreased colloid osmotic pressure
• increased interstitial fluid
• increased arterial underfilling
• increased SNS activity, RAAS, aldosterone, ADH