Sociology Final Exam

Question 1

COVID-related hospitalization and death rates were ________ for Hispanic, Black, and Asian patients respectively, than for White patients

Answer 1

significantly higher

Question 2

• Black and Latino neighborhoods less likely to have vaccination facilities
• Black neighborhoods received fewer doses on average
• Both patterns explained by existing lack of health infrastructure in those
  communities

Answer 2

Racial disparities in Texas’s 5 largest metro counties

Question 3

ways that sociologists have tried to make sense of/explain racial health disparities. Remember that not all of these models/theories/ explanations are supported by empirical evidence.

Answer 3

5 Theoretical Models of Racial Health Disparities

Question 4

• Behaviors voluntarily adopted by individuals cause health disparities
• For example, Native Americans are more likely than any other racial groups to smoke cigarettes. Therefore, racial differences in risky behavior cause racial health disparities.
• Little empirical evidence for this. Differences in behavior do not explain most health disparities along racial lines. This theory also rests on problematic and racist assumptions about patterns of behavior that fail to take into account social and psychological stresses.

Answer 4

Health-Behavior Model

Question 5

when your self-perception and self worth are influenced by the perceptions of others onto you; a person views themself according to how they think others view them

Answer 5

Looking-Glass Self

Question 6

• Genetic/biological factors or differences between races cause health disparities
• Little empirical evidence for this. We know from earlier in the semester that race is not biological; it’s socially constructed. Therefore differences in biology/genetics shouldn’t explain racial differences.

Answer 6

Racial-Genetic Model

Question 7

● _____ and _____ neighborhoods less likely to have vaccination facilities
● ______ neighborhoods received fewer doses on average
● Both patterns explained by existing lack of ____ ________ in those communities

Answer 7

Black; Latino; Black; health infrastructure

Question 8

• Socioeconomic disparities cause health disparities; racial health disparities arise from systematic differences/disparities in income, education, and occupational opportunities among racial groups.
• This model emphasizes that socioeconomic factors (class, income, occupation, etc.) significantly impact access to resources and healthcare, which contributes to divergent health incomes.
• This theory explains some, but not all gaps in health along racial lines. Health disparities cannot be fully explained by class differences.

Answer 8

SES (Socio-Economic Status) Model

Question 9

Racial-Genetic Model, Health-Behavior Model, Socio-Economic Status Model, Psychosocial Stress Model, and Structural-Constructivist Model

Answer 9

5 Theoretical Model of Racial Helath Disparities

Question 10

• For example, a teenage girl is made fun of because of how much she loves pink. Because she is teased every day for wearing pink clothes, carrying a pink backpack, and using pink notebooks at school, she starts to believe that she’ll never be cool wearing so much pink. She gets rid of all her pink clothes and begins to dislike pink herself.
• For example, a college student is struggling financially and cannot afford new clothes. He buys an old sweatshirt from a rummage sale, and is insecure when he wears it for the first time. While he’s wearing it, though, he receives several compliments about how cool of a vintage sweatshirt it is, and how his outfit is trendy. He starts to see himself as having a trendy fashion sense, begins to love old clothing, and tells people that his hobby is thrifting and finding vintage clothes at rummage sales.

Answer 10

Looking-Glass Self

Question 11

a way of thinking about yourself through two pairs of eyes: those of white people and those of your own racial/ethnic group

Answer 11

Double Consciousness

Question 12

• Stress associated with institutional and interpersonal racism causes negative health disparities
• Evidence supports this – this is the best explanation for racial health disparities in the U.S.
• Consider the examples of hypertension, diabetes, life expectancy from lecture.
• Black Americans have higher rates of hypertension (high blood pressure)
  because of the social stress they experience being Black in America; not a natural or biological predisposition, or a behavioral difference, or a class difference.

Answer 12

Psychosocial Stress Model

Question 13

• Causal connections between race and health are difficult to make because race is a social construction and not a material/biological reality, which is hard to control, measure, etc.
• Evidence also supports this.

Answer 13

Structural-Constructivist Model

Question 14

Code-switching, testing, and masking

Answer 14

Racial Survival Strategies

Question 15

the practice of associating with people who are similar to you (strongest along
racial lines)

Answer 15

Homophily

Question 16

the process by which members of a marginalized group internalize and accept negative views about the group.
■ For example, a Chinese-American continues to wear a mask since COVID not because of personal precaution, but to avoid discrimination and name-calling.

Answer 16

Symbolic Violence

Question 17

strategies developed by people of color to navigate face-to-face interactions and avoid interpersonal racism and protect themselves physically and mentally

Answer 17

Racial Survival Strategies

Question 18

adjusting one’s style of speech, appearance, behavior, and expression in ways that optimize the comfort of others in exchange for fair treatment, quality of service, employment opportunities, etc.
● For example, a Latina student is very outgoing and energetic at home, but at school she speaks more slowly and quietly to avoid fitting the stereotype of “loud, opinionated Latina.”

Answer 18

Code Switching

Question 18

Main themes:
■ Health is correlated with socioeconomic status (but class differences is not the
only explanation for racial health disparities)
■ People of color face an additional mental and physical health burden
■ Health and well-being are tied to policies that promote economic and social
justice.
○ People who are low on a power hierarchy are more likely to experience chronic stress
than those who are high on a power hierarchy.

Answer 18

In Sickness and in Wealth film

Question 19

self-preservation that takes on an explicitly racialized character; people of color “wear a mask” around people from whom they have not received indication of tolerance or comfort.
● For example, a Latino student transfers to a predominantly White school. He refuses to speak Spanish, eat food from Latin America, or listen to Latin American music around his peers because he doesn’t know whether they are comfortable with Latine culture.

Answer 19

Masking

Question 20

A small, but committed subset of communities of color that fight against
racial integration

Answer 20

Ethnic Nationalism

Question 21

a form of ethnic nationalism; an ideology that believes racial segregation and complete independence from white people was the only answer to racial domination
■ Malcolm X

Answer 21

Black Nationalism

Question 22

the act of “feeling out” members of other racial or ethnic groups to evaluate their level of racial tolerance
● For example, a Korean-American student arrives at college and makes mostly White friends. While hanging out with these friends for the first time, she mentions briefly that she listens to K-pop and carefully gauges her friends’ reactions to that information. If their reaction is generally positive, she might divulge next time they hang out something more, like she mostly watches K-dramas, to see how they react. She’s “testing the waters” or “feeling out” her White friends.

Answer 22

Testing

Question 23

According to W.E.B. DuBois, this is developed because Black people are forced to exist in/navigate two opposing worlds: Whiteness and Blackness.
● White people can easily just exist in a world of Whiteness because that is the dominant and “default” in our society.
● Because of institutionalized racism and White privilege baked into our systems and structures, however, Black people cannot avoid having to navigate the world of Whiteness. They must navigate both Whiteness and Blackness.

Answer 23

Double Consciousness

Question 24

○ Why are White people out-joining people of color in associations?
○ Civic participation, income, and race

Answer 24

Voluntary Associations

Question 25

Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting interracial marriage are unconstitutional because they violate the 14th amendment’s equal protection clause

Answer 25

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

Question 26

laws that prohibited and criminalized interracial marriage and sex
○ Put into place because biracial children posed a threat to racial order during the Jim Crow era; also posed a threat to White patriarchy
○ But White men were rarely punished under these laws if they committed sexual assaults against Black women or other women of color

Answer 26

Anti-miscegenation Laws

Question 27

the routine, involuntary removal of uteruses from women of color during Jim Crow. Nicknamed “_______” because it was so common, treated as if it was harmless, routine procedure
■ Fannie Lou Hamer spoke out against this practice after it happened to her

Answer 27

Mississippi Appendectomy

Question 28

the tendency for people to form friendships or romantic relationships based on shared social situations; with those whom they encounter often; think proximity/closeness
○ People tend to be friends with their neighbors, classmates, teammates, coworkers, etc.

Answer 28

Propinquity Effect

Question 29

a group of individuals who join together voluntarily to form an organization in order to accomplish a purpose, whether political, economic, or leisure-oriented

Answer 29

Voluntary Associations

Question 30

1. People of color have low degrees of social trust, a fundamental prerequisite of community building.
2. People of color are disillusioned with civil society; it is more difficult and less desirable to devote time, energy, and/or money to a society or group that has historically ignored or perpetuated opposition against your interests.
3. Racialized economic inequality limits participation; participating in associational
   life requires time and money (attending meetings, organizing events, etc.)

Answer 30

Why are White people out-joining people of color in associations?

Question 31

an influential report that argued that most problems facing African Americans are caused by single-mother Black families
○ Created the “pathology of matriarchy”
○ Shifted racial discourse from a focus on racial discrimination to the “pathological” Black
family
○ Long discredited by sociologists, but still influential in discussions about race

Answer 31

Moynihan Report

Question 32

Baseline, inbreeding, status, and value

Answer 32

types of homophily

Question 33

The tendency for people to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them; “the familiarity principle”

Answer 33

Mere Exposure Effect

Question 34

after you control for economic differences, they have the highest participation rate in associational life

Answer 34

“super joiners”

Question 35

○ Hysterectomy – a medical procedure in which a person’s uterus is removed
○ Teaching hospitals were known to perform unnecessary hysterectomies on poor Black
women; example of White control of Black reproduction

Answer 35

Mississippi Appendectomies

Question 36

Data shows that civic participation is positively related to income: high income people are more likely to vote, campaign, engage in political protests, donate to campaigns, etc.
■ BUT, once economic differences are taken into account/once we control for income…
● Latinos are just as likely as Whites to participate in voluntary associations
● Blacks are even more likely than Whites to participate in voluntary associations
● Black people are “super joiners” – after you control for economic differences, they have the highest participation rate in associational life

Answer 36

Civic participation, income, and race

Question 37

the amount of homophily that would be expected by chance given an existing uneven distribution of people with varying characteristics (the form of
homophily reflects the larger structure/makeup of the society)

Answer 37

Baseline Homophily

Question 38

involves association with others who have similar values, attitudes,
and beliefs, regardless of differences in status characteristics

Answer 38

Value Homophily

Question 39

the amount of homophily over and above the baseline, typically due to personal preferences and choices (everything that is not baseline, does
not reflect the larger structure/makeup of the society)

Answer 39

Inbreeding Homophily

Question 40

in the mid-1960s (and as backlash against the Civil Rights Movement) the problem of racial inequality was reframed as stemming from the “dysfunctional family” rather than from systematic racial domination
○ Public discussions of racial inequality shifted from racial discrimination to the “____” Black family
○ Reframing laid the groundwork for policies focusing on “deficiencies” of Black families
○ Example of strategic racism

Answer 40

Pathological Family

Question 41

includes both society-ascribed characteristics (race, ethnicity, sex,
and age) and acquired characteristics (religion, occupation, behavior patterns, and education

Answer 41

Status Homophily

Question 42

making someone an object of sexual desire based solely on their racial identity; usually rooted in stereotypes and objectification
○ When expressing their preference for men of a certain race, Grindr users often make
reference to food

Answer 42

Racial Fetishism

Question 43

the collection of things that constitute our culture(s), especially those objects and
performances that are subject to aesthetic appraisal (paintings, sculptures, stage performances, poetry, photography, literature, fashion, etc.)
○ ___ is sociologically important because it is produced by people who are embedded in larger social contexts; the consumption of art affects our understanding of and beliefs about the world

Answer 43

Art

Question 44

stated preference for phenotypically white people or people who have features commonly associated with white people

Answer 44

Sexual Racism

Question 45

the ways in which people are organized and ordered according to their perceived sexual desirability
○ Some people have more “erotic capital” than others based on the cultural value system that deems what is and is not beautiful (think Eurocentric beauty standards)

Answer 45

The Erotic Marketplace

Question 46

involve White people performing stereotypical Blackness for a White audience
○ ruled the American stage between 1830-1910
○ Images of blackness were manipulated and distorted.
○ As abolition gained steam, minstrel shows became increasingly pro-slavery
○ died out after the early 20th century, but minstrelsy (see below) continued.

Answer 46

Minstrel shows

Question 47

concerned with the appreciation of beauty or art; we learned about three aesthetics in
media

Answer 47

Aesthetic

Question 48

white control over the representation of blackness and non-whiteness

Answer 48

Minstrelsy

Question 49

White, racist, and anti-racist

Answer 49

types of aesthetic

Question 50

is harmful because it is a form of structural racism that approaches with harmful and unnecessary treatments due to racial stereotyping and false notions about the inferiority of Black/Brown people. This causes inequitable and inaccurate care for Black/Brown people.

Answer 50

Why is race-based medicine harmful according to Cerdena

Question 51

presents an un-raced representation of the social world, with whiteness as the default category, “the universal”
■ There is almost no representation of people of color
■ The white body and experience are presented as normal
■ For example, Norman Rockwell at Saturday Evening Post; he was bound by formal and informal restrictions of his bosses (he could draw Black people only
as servants)
■ Think #OscarsSoWhite

Answer 51

White Aesthetic

Question 52

race-conscious policy. In this way we can accordingly provide accurate recommendations for race-conscious medicine.
o Reforms race-based medicine to promote conscious, anti-racist practices.

Answer 52

alternative approach to medicine that Cerdena suggests

Question 53

The compatibility match percentages on OkCupid across racial pairings were roughly _____. Match percentages were ______ for same-race pairings than for different-race pairings.

Answer 53

even; higher

Question 54

depicts people of color in negative ways
■ Represents people of color, but never in the their full humanity
● Infantilizes, demonizes, exoticizes them; misrepresents racism itself
■ Misrepresents racial domination
■ For example, the ventriloquist-comedian Jeff Dunham

Answer 54

Racist Aesthetic

Question 55

related discrimination is higher levels of generalized anxiety, depressive symptoms, hopelessness due to internalization of negative attitudes, and poorer psychological well-being in adults (mental health).

Answer 55

The health consequence of experiencing COVID-19 related discrimination according to Cheah

Question 56

sheds light on true histories and current realities of racial domination; corrects distorted representations of people of color and of racism
■ For example, Moonlight

Answer 56

Anti-Racist Aesthetic

Question 57

effective public health, educational strategies, increased attention to and services for Asian American mental health, and attentive pediatricians as a way to address these health disparities.

Answer 57

What Cheah recommends as a way to address these health disparities

Question 58

1. Whitewashing history (The Help; Mississippi Burning)
2. Pretending racial domination doesn’t exist (Hunger Games)
3. Depicting racism as a purely psychological issue
   ○ Individualistic Fallacy – racism is assumed to belong to the realm of ideas and prejudices
   ○ Racism is framed as a collection of prejudiced attitudes and beliefs
   ○ Racism is seen as akin to crime; those who are “guilty” are racists, those who are “innocent” are non-racists

Answer 58

how racial aethetic misrepresents racial domination

Question 59

The difference between _______ and _______ is _______ is homophily effects that are created by the demography of the potential tie pool and _______ is homophily measured as explicitly over and above the opportunity set.
o __________: created by groups of different sizes; leads Anglos to have much more racially homogeneous networks than any other racial or ethnic group
o All educational groups show _____ tendencies: extremely high and low education show the biggest inbreeding tendency

Answer 59

baseline homophily; inbreeding homophily; baseline homophily; inbreeding homophily; Baseline homophily; inbreeding

Question 60

• ____________ increase for White students upon entering college because White have the fewest ____________ of all groups prior to college due to extremely high levels of racial homophily, but the proportion of ___________ in whites’ friendship networks in the first year of college remains lower than students of other racial groups.
• _________ decrease for Black students upon entering college because they seek out other black students in predominantly white campuses (benefit more academically and socially from these ties than with __________) and discrimination by students from other racial and ethnic groups.

Answer 60

Interracial friendships

Question 61

The difference between _______ and ______ is _____ is where similarity is based on informal, formal, or ascribed status and _______ is based on values, attitudes, and beliefs.
o _________: (major sociodemographic dimensions that stratify society) includes ascribed characteristic like race, ethnicity, sex, age and acquired characteristics like religion, education, occupation, or behavior patterns
o ________: includes variety of internal states presumed to shape our orientation toward future behavior

Answer 61

status homophily; value homophily; status homophily; value homophily; Status homophily; Value homophily

Question 62

is common in interracial dating because first impressions determine if a second date is in the cards.

Answer 62

Code-switching

Question 63

African Americans are slightly ________ in top TV shows.

Answer 63

overrepresented

Question 64

Women are _________ in top TV shows

Answer 64

underrepresented

Question 65

Remy Barnwell engaged in ______ with her boyfriend early in their relationship by arriving to their first date wearing box braids that concealed her natural afro (and wore Birkenstocks).

Answer 65

code-switching

Question 66

Latinos and Native Americans are _______ in top TV shows

Answer 66

underrepresented

Question 67

is integrating people in a show so there are multicultural casts, but it sometimes does not consider peoples’ experiences and identities.

Answer 67

Colorblind casting

Question 68

The difference between casting a Black actor and hiring a Black writer is writers for shows are mainly White. More Black creators are starting to get deals as new services emerge, which gives them creative control and a potentially different script if they write a character depending on their thoughts, feelings, and personality.

Answer 68

difference between casting a Black actor and hiring a Black writer

Question 69

The author visited Monticello because he came for a tour and wanted to visit a new exhibit about Sally Hemings. He identified himself with the slaves working on the plantation because he is black and knew the true evils of Thomas Jefferson. The significance is that Thomas Jefferson and James Madison both had hundreds of slaves working on their plantations while promoting freedom and equality in the founding documents of the US.

Answer 69

Why did Smith visit Monticello? What is the significance?

Question 70

associating with same race, gender, age, religious, SES

Answer 70

status homophily

Question 71

associating with same values, attitudes, and beliefs

Answer 71

value homophily

Question 72

• White students with Black roommates 1st year of college more comfortable interacting with member of other racial groups later in college
• White college students with different-race roommates reported more interracial friendships

Answer 72

Propinquity

Question 73

greek membership is likely to ______ the amount of interracial friendships that a white student makes. For students of color, greek membership is likely to _______ the amount of interracial friendships that a student makes. This has to do with the networks that students become part of as a result of being in sororities/fraternities, which tend to be overwhelmingly ______.

Answer 73

decrease; increase; white