Sociology Exam #2 Flashcards
occurs when the quantity of something is added to or increases over time
accumulation
hiding details about a job applicant’s race or gender from those making hiring decisions
blinding
the way total output, income, or wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as labor, land, and capital)
Distribution
White sounding names received ____ more callback than black-sounding names
50%
White response rate is ___ higher in low quality resumes
37%
White response rate is ___ higher in high quality resumes
62%
there is a greater Black-White difference in response rates for ___ quality resumes than for ___ quality resumes
high; low
measures state-level manifestations of US racial regime during slavery and Jim Crow
Historical Racial Regime (HRR) Scale
_____ finds that there are positive associations between historical racial oppression and black poverty rates today
Baker
proves that historical racial discrimination has a tangible effect on poverty today
HRR
salaries earned from employment, retirement, or governmental aid
Income
majority-White jobs pay more than majority-Black jobs, and still more than majority-Hispanic jobs
Job segregation
When a job becomes associated with a marginalized group, it _____ in status and wages
declines
owned assets that yield monetary return (stocks and bonds, savings accounts, houses, real estate)
Wealth
On average, the wealth of white families headed by someone who did not complete high school is ______ than the wealth of black families headed by someone with a college degree
greater
____ and ________ intersect to create wealth inequality
race; education
Racial advantages and disadvantages accumulate over generations, so the wealth gap continues to _____
widen
social programs dealing with welfare, work, unemployment insurance, minimum wage, workday limitations, and veteran assistance
The New Deal
Many people of color were excluded from benefits of New Deal programs, not explicitly, but through __________
occupational disqualifications
congress excluded occupations that people of color were more likely to hold (farm workers, maids)
Occupational disqualifications
(1944) post-WWII programs that allowed veterans to buy homes, go to college, invest in business; credited with creating the American middle-class
GI Bill of Rights
Non-white veterans were excluded from benefits, so the middle-class was being built of mostly White people
GI Bill of Rights
supply-side economics/trickle-down economic policies implemented by the Reagan administration
Reaganomics
Policies of Reaganomics meant income _____ for wealthy, income _____ for poor; middle class ______
increase; decrease; relatively unaffected
poor people of color among the hardest hit
Reaganomics
distance separating America’s elites from its poor increased substantially, as did the wage gap between non-White (Black and Hispanic) and White Americans
Reaganomics
- Banks disproportionately deny loans to non-White applicants
- Banks charge non-Whites higher interest rates
- Banks devalue homes in non-White neighborhoods
- Job discrimination and occupational segregation
Contemporary causes of economic inequality
the idea that there is illegal interference with voting/elections through illegitimate ballot casting, manipulation of vote counting, etc
Election fraud
data shows that this is infinitesimal and in person voter impersonation is virtually nonexistent, yet millions of Americans still believe that voter fraud is a significant problem
Election fraud
the process by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage
Gerrymandering
strategy of Gerrymandering; concentrating voters of one type
Packing
strategy of Gerrymandering; spreading out voters of one type
Cracking
disenfranchisement of blacks
Voter suppression, historically
caused voter suppression, history; Black people who attempted to vote were threatened, beaten, and killed. sometimes their families were harmed, their homes were burned down, they’d lose their jobs, or be thrown off they farms.
Terrorism
caused voter suppression, history; people had to pay a high tax to vote, which many low-income and people of color could not afford
Poll taxes
clauses of the poll tax laws allows White descendants of those who had voting rights in the US before the Civil War (white people) to vote without having to pay the tax
Grandfather clauses
caused voter suppression, history; tests administered to “prove a fifth grade education” that were written and proctored as essentially un-passable
Literacy tests
disenfranchisement of people of color today primarily affects 1) ____ people, 2) people of ____, 3) _____ residents and 4) _____ students
Voter suppression, today; poor; color; urban/inner-city; college
terrorism: rare, but still exists
Voter suppression, today
Photo ID and proof of citizen requirements
Voter suppression, today
registration restrictions
Voter suppression, today
absentee ballot voting restrictions/early voting restrictions
Voter suppression, today
closing of polling centers and shorter voting hours
Voter suppression, today
(1955-1956) for 381 days, people walked carpooled, and took taxis to work to protest the ordinance that Blacks must sit in the back
Montgomery Bus Boycott
After, a Supreme Court decision ruled that the bus driver can no longer enforce seating
Montgomery Bus Boycott
(1961) after the Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation in interstate bus terminals, the Congress of Racial Equity (CORE) put this new ruling to the test and rode the bus from Washington DC to the Deep South
Freedom Rides
They got as far as Birmingham, AL when they got beaten so badly that they had to pause the Rides
Freedom Rides
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) stepped in and offered replacement riders. JFK eventually sent Federal Marshals to protect them
Freedom Rides
(1964) organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Volunteers traveled to rural Mississippi with the goals of 1)increase voter registration and 2) bring quality education to Mississippi’s poorest Black communities
Freedom Summer
established Freedom schools. these efforts were actually rather successful, though treatment of these volunteers was violent and inhumane–volunteers were killed, critically wounded, beaten, arrested, bombed by the rural Mississippi community
Freedom Summer
signed into law by Lyndon B Johnson but called for John F Kennedy; ended discriminatory voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, workplace, and public accommodations
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed literacy test, poll taxes, and other discriminatory voting laws; included special provisions for jurisdictions with histories of race-based voter discrimination (ex: a preclearance requirement required pre-approval from the federal gov for any changes to voting processes)
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Republican strategy to court white southern voters by opposing racial justice policies and appealing to anti-Black prejudice
Southern Strategy
- opposing racial justice movements increases support among white supporters
- “Promote white supremacy, but never do so explicitly”
2 strategies from George Wallace for Southern Strategy
because of this, beginning in the late 1960s, there was a massive shift to the Republican Party among white voters
Southern strategy
(2013) Supreme Court decision that essentially allowed current voter restriction laws to be passed (ex: photo ID and proof of citizen requirements, registration restriction, absentee ballot restrictions, early voting restrictions, shorter poll hours)
Shelby County v. Holder
(2018) ruled that extreme partisan gerrymandering is unconstitutional, but that the Supreme Court had no precedent determining what counts as “extreme partisan gerrymandering”
Gill v. Whitford
(2019) in response to gerrymandering districts in North Carolina that favored Republicans and in Baltimore that favored Democrats; ruled that partisan gerrymandering was a ______ question and thus fell outside the jurisdiction of the courts
Rucho v. Common Cause; political
people call 311 more frequently to complain about neighbors/”strange” people at “fuzzy” neighborhood boundaries than at well-defined boundaries
Contested Boundaries Hypothesis
the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implantation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies; having a seat at the table
Environmental justice
one of the main goals is to address people of color’s disproportionate exposure to environmental toxins
Environmental justice
any policy, practice, or directive that differentially affects or disadvantages (regardless of intention) individuals, groups, or communities based on race
Environmental racism
part of a city that is almost exclusively inhabited by members of one racial/ethnic group to which virtually all members of that group are restricted
Ghetto
reinforced racial residential inequality during the rise of suburbanization in the US
ghetto
seen as convincing evidence for White homeowners that Black residents would ruin their neighborhoods; justified further disinvestment in Black neighborhoods; segregation was reinforced by white fight and white flight; redlining leveled communities of color as “undesirable”; “urban renewal” further concentrated and intensified poverty
ghetto
- Housing values were very low
- Banks would deny mortgage loans for homes in those areas, and no one wanted to move there. This prevented people of color from investing in better housing or being able to afford to leave
- Slumlords made money by ignoring housing repairs and occupancy codes and by charging inflated rents
Redlining labeled communities of color as “undesirable” neighborhoods
a measure of residential segregation between any 2 groups
- 0=total integration and 100=total segregation
- if the % of a city’s non-white population is low, racial segregation will be low
- if the % of a city’s non-white population is high, racial segregation will be high
Index of Dissimilarity
“not in my backyard”; the common narrative of objection to the siting of something perceived as unpleasant or hazardous near one’s home, especially while raising no such objections to similar developments elsewhere
NIMBY
is something used primarily by environmentalists, not environmental justice advocates. does not take into account the disproportionate relationship between race, class, and exposure to environmental hazards
NIMBY
environmental justice advocates critique _____ activism, claiming pollution should “not be in anyone’s backyard”
NIMBY
caused by White people moving out of a neighborhood when the % of non-whites in that neighborhood increases
Racial residential segregation
- poverty is concentrated
- limited employment opportunity
- limited access to goods and services
- negative health outcomes
effects of residential segregation
the practice of denying mortgage loans for home in non-white neighborhoods; the maps were also used to decide where to place polluting operations
Redlining
banks took literal red markers and drew lines around neighborhoods that were “too risky” to rent to; lasting impact–disadvantage in neighborhoods today often falls along the same lines
Redlining
the process of White residents moving back into urban centers from the suburbs; results in destruction of Black neighborhoods, the eviction of all Black residents, and the creation of shopping centers/hospitals in their place
Urban renewal
white citizens who sold homes to people of color, were active in NAACP efforts, and created organizations such as the Detroit Interracial Committee
White anti-racists
working-class white families (European immigrants) who couldn’t afford to leave tried to ward off families of color with intimidation, protests, and violence; neighborhood associations were created to defend white property
White fight
the phenomenon of white residents moving out of the city to the suburbs beginning in the 1950s as more non-whites moved into their neighborhoods; main cause of racial segregation
White flight
(1910-1930) the massive movement of Blacks from the rural South to the urban North; motivated by desire to escape Jim Crow laws, economic oppression, and racial terrorism destroying Black neighborhoods, evicting all Black residents, putting up shopping centers/hospitals in their place
The Great Migration
spurred by job shortages in the South and job vacancies in the North, people seeking better and safer living conditions
The Great Migration
between 1910-1930, over 1.5 million Blacks migrated North; between 1940-1960 another 3 million followed
The Great Migration
(1956-2000) a large number of Black people move to the South from the Midwest. Spurred by deindustrialization in the North, low cost of living in the South, more job opportunities in the South, race relations significantly improved in the South
The New Great Migration
prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, gender, disability national origin, families with children
Civil Rights Act of 1968/Fair Housing Act
factor the led to Civil Rights Act of 1968/Fair Housing Act; rallies, marches, protests, made demands on city of Chicago for open housing and equal access to quality education and employment
Chicago Open House Movement
factor the led to Civil Rights Act of 1968/Fair Housing Act; assassination
Assassination of MLK
cities that have notoriously high degrees of racial residential segregation
Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, Green Bay
a tax break that overwhelmingly benefits the wealthy and upper middle class
Mortgage Interest Deduction (MID)
a driving force of wealth inequality in America; benefits Americans who already own homes, which makes it harder for the poor to join their ranks
Mortgage Interest Deduction (MID)
subtle and coded language that conveys racial meanings to a target audience (new racism)
Racial dog whistles
How have dog whistle policies been used to attract middle class, white voters?
by making them feel like their political candidate is on their side against the minorities without having to say it
characterizes ____________ by unfair and fraudulent advantages at the ballot box at the expense of ____ legitimacy. it is seen as a strategic attempt to reduce turnout amongst ____ voters.
Left’s view: voter-access legislation; democratic; democratic
characterizes ___________ by a necessary response to rampant electoral fraud perpetrated by _____ and allied organizations.
Right’s view: voter-access legislation; democrats
they don’t target the actual problems of voter fraud and disproportionately impact non-whites by making voting less accessible.
critiques of voter ID laws
the white election commissioner who also served as a fake Republican elector for Donald Trump. In an email newsletter he said that Republicans “can be especially proud” of lowered turnout in Milwaukee during the 2022 election, “with the major reduction happening in the overwhelming Black and Hispanic areas.” According to the author, it is problematic because it shows the conservative strategy of showing Hispanics that they are the enemy, and he is using his position to undermine their voting rights.
Robert Spindell
what the problem of lower turnout among Hispanic voters is attributed to; give Republican lawmakers a strong majority in both chambers in a state where voters elected Democrats as governor, attorney general, and secretary of state.
Wisconsin’s state legislative maps
racial residential segregation and non-white group poverty rates…
cause spatially concentrated poverty
are that racial segregation created a uniquely harsh and disadvantaged social environment for poor blacks and residential circumstances with much fewer advantages for affluent blacks compared to white of similar social status
outcomes of spatially concentrated poverty
prefer to live in a neighborhood with about an equal mix of black and white households
Blacks
prefer to live in a neighborhood with a large white majority
Whites
____ and ____ play the roles of accessibility in having access to healthy foods.
Poverty; residential segregation
____ are farther from the nearest supermarket than ____.
blacks; whites
the short term consequence of inadequate supermarket accessibility
less nutritious diets
the long term consequence of inadequate supermarket accessibility
greater risk for chronic, diet-related diseases
Mr. Snyder decided to switch the city’s water source to the Flint river because it needed money. The complaints about the water were ignored.
Causes of the Flint Water Crisis
How do the causes of the Flint water crisis relate to accusations of environmental racism?
by showing that since they were black, their concerns were not validated and they were told they were safe to use the water.
____ is related to political power by giving political leavers the power to do what they think will be economically beneficially without acknowledging the well-being of concerned citizens
Environmental policy making
the concerns of Flint residents had been ignored for so long because of…
systematic racism. they felt that the complaints were invalid and continued to try to reassure the citizens and did not listen to their concerns.
poverty confined to neighborhoods or communities of color
spatially concentrated poverty
