Psych Sexuality Exam #3 Flashcards
the tendency to like a person more if we have been exposed to them repeatedly; why we tend to be more attracted to people with whom we have had contact several times than we are to people with whom we have had little contact
the mere exposure effect
we tend to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in areas such as attitudes, intelligence, social worth, and attractiveness
the matching phenomenon
the tendency to have contact with people who are equal in social status. Explains why we are also likely to be in relationships and get married to people who are similar in social status (ex: race, education, and religion)
homophily
we like people who give us lots of reinforcements and few punishments
Byrne’s Law of Attraction
commitment, feelings of closeness (emotional and cognitive), trust, self-disclosure
intimacy
3 components to love that determine satisfaction in relationship:
- Intimacy: emotional component
- Passion: motivation or drive component
Physical attraction, drive for sexual expression
- Decision/commitment: cognitive component
Short-term—realizing that I love you
Long-term—moving in together, marrying
Sternberg’s theory; Triangular Theory of Love
Lovers:
- Secure— closeness is easy, natural for them (53% of adults)
- Avoidant—closeness is difficult for them (26%)
- Anxious-ambivalent—insecure, desperately want closeness, but then partner pulls away (anx-amb may scare away partners) (20%)
*a result of childhood experiences of attachment
Attachment Theory of Love
- Eros—love based on powerful physical attraction
- Ludus—love is play, not serious commitment
- Storge—love that builds slowly and is very stable
John Alan Lee’s 3 basic types of love
- Berscheid and Walster
passionate love occurs from… - Physical arousal
- ## Cognitive label (love)
Two-Component Theory
- Experimental evidence—the scary bridge study
Misattribution of arousal
- Passionate: Intense, all-consuming, lasts 6-30 months
- Companionate: deep attachment and commitment following the passionate phase
Passionate vs Companionate Love
- Passionate love: Dopamine euphoria
- Companionate love: Oxytocin calm pleasure
biochemicals
priority is on the individual’s goals, over groups goals or societal goals (the US)
individualistic cultures
priority is on group and collective goals over personal ones (Japan)
- The self is defined by group membership, not individual identity
Collectivistic cultures
- Passionate love
- Decision made by individuals
Individualistic cultures
- Arranged marriages for the good of the families, wisdom of parents
Collectivistic cultures
- Australia: 5% yes
- US: 4% yes
- India: 49% yes
Would you marry someone you didn’t love?
conceptualizing gender as having only 2 categories: female/women and male/men
Gender Binary
a set of norms or culturally defined expectations that define how people of one gender ought to behave
- Men are expected to be ambitious, competitive, non-emotional, interested in cars and math, assertive, physically strong, interested in technology, etc
- Women are expected to be feminine, passive, emotional, focused on how they look, kind and compassionate, take care of people, not competitive, interested in cooking and childcare, etc
Gender role
In the more individualistic American culture where we value independence, men are rated as _____ collectivistic than women.
less
- In more collectivist cultures such as Korea, men are rated as _____ collectivistic than women
more
thought of as poor white women who are promiscuous, always pregnant, teenage and young pregnancy, unhealthy and disheveled
“Trailer trash” women
fat or heavyset, asexual caretaker or maid of the family (black)
the mammy
rude, stubborn, sharp tongue and emasculating (black)
the sapphire
promiscuous and amoral, uses her body as her main source of power
the jezebel
for adults between 25 and 29 in a nationally representative sample, 94% of men had ________ at least once in their lives compared to 85% of women
masturbated
man have more permissive attitudes towards ______ than women do and are more likely to say “yes” when offered ________ than women. However, as we have mentioned previously, this could be because women do not think ______ is particularly pleasurable or safe
casual sex
men are much more likely to report _________ compared to women. Many women have a deep ambivalence towards _________; they might feel aroused by it, but are repulsed by the way it portrays women
watching porn
many women like and enjoy _______, but feel it is not made for women’s enjoyment. Women’s bodies are unrealistic, the sex that is portrayed looks painful or not pleasurable, women are objectified, dehumanized, there is violence, etc
porn
- Choosing feminist, made-for-women, queer, or amateur porn
- Reading erotic novels geared towards women
- Re-watching one video they like, fast forwarding through what they don’t like listening to a video, etc
women unique strategies for enjoying porn
men more consistently have orgasms than women during sexual activity. 91% of men, but only 64% of women, had an orgasm during their most recent sexual encounter
the orgasm gap
lesbian women have a significantly higher orgasm rate (___) compared to heterosexual women (___)
75%; 62%
suggests that the issue may be more so about the sexual partner rather than something about women’s bodies
lesbians have a much higher orgasm rate
Men are stereotyped as the sexual leaders and initiators and so they choose the sexual activities that take place, which ends up centering activities surrounding their own pleasure
why women are more likley to have an orgasm when partnered with women compared to men
Women are not supposed to enjoy sex
woman gender stereotype and why they cum more with other women
Women’s bodies are supposedly “complicated”
woman gender stereotype and why they cum more with other women
Men’s bodies are supposedly “easy”
men gender stereotype and why women cum more with other women
Men are supposed to be the ones in power in sexual scenarios and this might create a “take” rather than a “give” mentality
men gender stereotype and why women cum more with other women
Women are not encouraged to ask for what they want during sex and are not educated on how to facilitate women’s pleasure
why women are more likley to have an orgasm when partnered with women compared to men
To encourage participants to provide more truthful responses by creating a perceived threat of detection for dishonesty
What is the primary purpose of employing the bogus pipeline method in research studies like the one described by Alexander and Fisher
- 30% met through friends
- 20% in primary or secondary school
- 20% online
- 10% in college
- 5% each through family, at work, church, and in bars
heterosexual couples who met between 2005 and 2010
- 70% met online
- 20% in bars
- 10% through friends
same-gender couples who met between 2005 and 2010
Data has found that ___ of Americans say dating is harder now than it was 10 years ago
47%
_______ has impacted how people choose to date. 7/10 Americans are choosing more inexpensive activities like hiking instead of going out to eat—55% of people would host a first date at home at 44% are open to a virtual date
Inflation
Women are ____ likely than men to be unable to find someone who meets their dating expectations. College educated women have ____ specific expectations
more
are concerned about dating someone who has different views on abortion, smokes, is unemployed, etc.
College educated women
In a survey of more than 1,000 Americans, ___ think that mental health is more important than marriage
48%
___ who have never been married or lived with a partner are most likely to use an online dating service, while only ___ of Americans who are divorced, separated, or widowed have tried online dating
52%; 36%
- Step 1: participants fill out a questionnaire about their attitudes and opinions about multiple issues
- Step 2: participants are shown a questionnaire supposedly filed out by another person—similar to (Group 1) or different from theirs (Group 2)
- Step 3: participants rate how much they like that other person
- Results: people like the person whose attitudes are similar to theirs
- Why? We receive more positive reinforcement from similar people
Experimental research by Byrne
people from a South African Zulu culture found a _____ body mass more attractive, whereas people in the United Kingdom found a _____ body mass more attractive
higher; lower
In a couple, Person A’s physical attractiveness correlates with the other person’s physical attractiveness
attraction
women and men undergraduates were asked to try to guess which of 4 women was married to a particular man based on a photo and were able to correctly guess at a rate significantly above chance
Terry and Macklin
Black, Latina, and White women had very ______ perceptions of beauty, and White women tend to be unaware of the racism inherent to certain beauty standards
different
among online daters, ___ had a serious relationship as a result of online dating
44%
be sure to spend time having fun together
practical implication
- Physical attractiveness is a guide to fertility
- Men are attracted to younger women because they are more fertile
- Women are attracted to healthy men, but also men who are willing and able to contribute resources to them and their children.
- One study hypothesized that high heels influence women’s attractiveness via effects on their lumbar curvature, with the idea that greater lumbar curvature is associated with being more attractive because this is somehow an “evolutionarily optimal angle.”
- King Louis XIV wore high heels; the attractiveness is determined by social influences for attractiveness
Evolutionary Theory: Sexual Strategies Theory (Buss)
Telling personal things about yourself
intimacy
- My partner listens to me when I need someone to talk to
- How often do you feel close to your partner?
measuring intimacy: personal assessment of intimacy in relationships
- How often do you confide very personal info to them?
- How often are you able to understand their feelings?
measuring intimacy: intimacy in relationships
- Kinsey said we couldn’t measure it—but now we can!
- I feel happy when I am doing things to make ____ happy.
love
Longitudinal research
Secure attachment at 12 months predicts more positive relationships at ages 20-23 (rated by self and partner)
A result of childhood experiences of attachment
very important when choosing a partner
physical attractiveness
prefer lighter tones of black
black people
1970s: _______ women (worth) are paired with _______ men (worth); 2010: both men and women possessed physical attractiveness, educational achievement, occupational status, and income
beautiful; wealthy
Give significant other positive reinforcement, use self-disclosure
how to make relationship last longer
asymmetry of bilateral features that are on average symmetrical in the population
flunctuating asymmetry
We tend to be attracted to people we believe to be “within reach” of us, depending on our sense of our own attractiveness or desirability
choosing a partner
telling your partner some personal things about yoursel
self-disclosure
measures emotional intimacy in a relationship with items such as listening to partner, partner being understanding of emotions, etc
Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships (PAIR) Inventory
is characterized by commitment, feelings of closeness and trust, and self-disclosure
an intimite relationship
% of people who are secure lovers
53%
% of people who are avoidant lovers
26%
% of people who are anxious-ambivalent lovers
20%
According to attachment theory of love, the person’s perception of the quality of the relationship with each parent is key in determining their
attachment styles
secure with anyone but secure, avoidant-avoidant, anxious-anxious
attachment styles that don’t work well together
attachment style that have less satisfying sexual relationships and are more likely to have sexual disfunction
anxious-ambivalent; avoidant
combination of eros and ludus; obsession; furious jealousy; ecstasy and despair; passion of eros but play the games of ludus
Mania
combination of storge and ludus; tries to find a desirable lover and once finds, pragmatic love may grow over the years
pragma
combination of storge and eros; under demanding, never jealous, kind, patient (higher satisfaction)
agape
love styles that have the most satisfaction
eros and agape
love styles that have the least satisfaction
ludus
2 lovers of the same love styles are _____ compatible
most
when an individual interprets some stimulus as representing a threat to a valued relationship. Can occur when there’s a threat to our self-esteem or a threat to a relationship
when jealousy occurs
- Emotional: when one person believes that the partner is emotionally attached to or in love with another
- Sexual: when the person believes that the partner wants to or has engaged in sexual behavior with another
2 types of jealousy
men are more upset by a mate’s sexual infidelity, whereas women are more upset by a mate’s emotional infidelity
evolutionary perspective
Internally, men want their offspring to be their own (sex) and women want the resources a man provides, and he could leave if he finds another woman (emotional)
evolutionary perspective
jealousy is strongly influenced by social and cultural factors
Cognitive social-learning theory
a state of intense longing for union with the other person and of intense physiological arousal; overwhelming, obsessive, all-consuming; first stage of romantic relationship; sexual desire; has 3 components:
- Cognitive: preoccupation with the loved one and idealization of the person or of the relationship
- Emotional: physiological arousal, sexual attraction, and desire for union
- Behavioral: taking care of the other and maintaining closeness
pasionate love
Hatfield and Sprecher developed a self-report to measure passionate love: _______________, which was a questionnaire administered to students at UW who were in relationships from dating to engaged to living together.
Passionate Love Scale
(passionate love) preoccupation with the loved one and idealization of the person or of the relationship
cognitive
(passionate love) physiological arousal, sexual attraction, and desire for union
emotional
(passionate love) taking care of the other and maintaining closeness
behavioral
feeling of deep attachment and commitment to a person with whom one has an intimate relationship; warm; transitions from passionate at 6-30 months; romantic love
compassionate love
causes the rush of passionate love
dopamine
The frequent presence of the loved one triggers the production of ______ (rise following orgasm) and _______ (long-term relationships, sexual touching and orgasm, trust)
prolactin; oxytocin
has 4 components: the autonomic system, the motivational/reward system, the emotion system, and the cognitive system
the Love Brain Network
the Love Brain Network is identified through _____
fMRI scans
(the Love Brain Network) cardiovascular; hot in passionate love
the autonomic system
(the Love Brain Network) motivates sexual response
the motivational/reward system
(the Love Brain Network) pleasurable aspects of love
the emotion system
(the Love Brain Network) involved in appraising a stimulus to decide whether it is the loved one
the cognitive system
is associated with reduced activity in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and somatosensory cortex
love
Both ________ and ________ activate the same reward-related and cortical areas of the brain
passionate love and sexual desire
feel when we are physiologically aroused and when conditions are such that we identify what we are feeling as love
passionate love
Men who ran said they liked the woman more than those who hadn’t exercised. this is _____________: the men misattribute their arousal—which is due to exercise—to their liking for the attractive women
Misattribution of arousal
emphasize love as the basis for marriage and encourage intimacy between partners
Individualistic cultures (US)
emphasize the importance of the group over the individual and may practice arranged marriage.
Collectivist cultures
a generalization about a group of people that distinguished those people from others
stereotype
stereotyped as having qualities of communion: being affectionate and emotional (higher throughout time)
women
stereotyped as having qualities of agency: ambition and courage (smaller throughout time)
men
stereotyped as quiet
asian Americans
stereotyped as loud
african Americans
an approach that simultaneously considers the consequences of multiple group memberships—consider the effects of gender, race, social class, and sexual orientation simultaneously
intersectionality
(black women) uses sex to gain economic rewards from men
the Gold Digger
(black woman) live in poverty-stricken, violent environments, focus on survival, use sex to feel good for the moment
gangster bitches
(black woman) tied to religious traditions, is virtuous, avoids sex
sister savior
_____ men are known to be hypersexual and dangerous. Half of all prisoners are ______, when they only make up 13% of US population
black
_____ men are less likely to commit to marriage because the unemployment rate is double that for White men
black
the Jezebel, the Mammy, the Gold Digger, Gangster Bitches, Sister Savior
Traditional stereotyped images of Black women’s sexuality
emphasize the collective over the individual and hold more traditional views of gender roles
blacks
Half of all prisoners are Black, when they only make up ___ of US population
13%
Black women who endorse the beauty ideals of dominant White culture (light skin, thin) are likely to feel sexual guilt and shame
black women in white culture
US largest minority (19% of population)
Latinx
the process of incorporating the beliefs and customs of a new culture
acculturation
Mexican American culture is combined culture of Mexico and Anglo culture of US
acculturation
family is main focus; Sharply defined gender roles: boys given greater freedom, encouraged in sexual exploits, not expected to share in household work. Girls expected to be passive, obedient, virginal, and stay in the home; Girls have to choose between being a “good girl” and being a “flirt girl”
Latinx
6% of US population
Asian Americans
Men: stereotyped as asexual; women: stereotyped as an exotic sex toy; Conservative sexual attitudes
Asian Americans
Importance in education, family, group interdependence
Asian Americans
Before: had equal gender roles; after assimilation: increased male dominance
American Indians
homosexuals, transsexuals, or transvestites in American Indian culture
“Two-spirit”
women who could express masculine traits/participate in male-stereotyped activities while living and dressing as a woman in American Indian culture
“Manly hearted women” and “warrior woman”
the ways in which society conveys to the individual its norms or expectations for their behavior; parents have an early, important influence; peer group have impact in adolescence; media (video games: men are violent, women are hookers)
socialization
both females and males are extremely aggressive
Mundugumor of New Guinea
reward sensitivity, sensation-seeking, risk-taking, and impulse control; men score higher than women on risk-taking and sensation-seeking (relevant to sexuality)
impulsivity
gender difference is flipped in a culture in which women have more power—in ____ the women have the same or more power as men and take more risks; in ____ the men have more power than women and take more risks
Mosuo; Han
adolescent girls self-disclose to friends more than boys; both use online; women are better than men at decoding nonverbal cues and reading other’s emotions
communicating
Clark and Hatfield had men and women go up to the other gender and ask to have casual sex. None of the women said yes and ___ of the men said yes
70%
used to get physiological measure un a male—a flexible loop that fits around the base of the penis and records its expansion
penile stain gauge
measures physiological arousal in a female; an acrylic cylinder (size of tampon) placed inside the entrance of the vagina
photoplethysmography
are instruments used to measure vasocongestion in the genitals to provide insight into the responses of men and women to erotic materials
penile stain gauge and photoplethysmography
intruments that found that men and women were more aroused at sexual content than neutral and men are well aware of their physiological arousal, while women can sometimes be unaware; another study proved that if women focus on their bodies, they can identify if they are aroused
penile stain gauge and photoplethysmography
Both women and men have action in the limbic system, but only _____ have action in the hypothalamus
men
___ of men but only ___ of women had an orgasm during most recent sexual encounter
91%; 64%
Lesbians have higher rate of orgasm (___) than heterosexual (___) because women understand each other’s bodies better
75%; 62%
lower % of females, compared with males, who masturbate; women’s disapproving attitudes towards casual sex; women’s lesser orgasm consistency; men’s greater use of porn; and men’s greater sex drive
5 differences in male and female sexuality
- Bogus pipeline condition: student was hooked up to a fake polygraph/lie detector and told the machine could detect false answers (honest results)
- Anonymous condition: student filled out questionnaire anonymously (typical)
- Exposure threat condition: instructed to hand questionnaire to experimenter, knew he could see their answers
Bogus pipeline method
men said they had more partners when they thought no one would know they were lying and less partners when they thought people would know; women said they had less partners when they thought no one would know they were lying and more partners when they thought people would know
results of bogus pipeline method
used to explain gender differences; anatomy, hormones
biological factors
used to explain gender differences; the double standards, gender roles, body image
cultural factors
used to explain gender differences; fear of pregnancy, differences in masturbation patterns creating other gender differences
other factors
- Men are more aware if they have an erection, so women are less likely to masturbate because they are unaware when they have an arousal response
- Men have more testosterone than women (women have ¼ of what men have), so women have lower levels of sexual behavior
biological gender differences
- discussed myths based on the Fantasy Model
- Men and women are very comfortable with sex
- A real man isn’t into sissy stuff like feelings and communicating
- All touching is sexual or should lead to sex (men need to learn)
- Sex is centered on a hard penis and what’s done with it
The New Male Sexuality by Bernie Zilbergeld
some men believe that their masculinity is centered on their penis; “men with bigger penises are more masculine”
- Penis-centric masculinity
digitally created websites designed to share sexualized images of girls without their knowledge
slutpages
- couples lose privacy when they gain children
- Women are more dissatisfied with their bodies and therefore avoid sex
- Women who don’t want to get pregnant may avoid sex
- Ineffective techniques of stimulating the women
reasons women avoid sex
Women had orgasms more consistently at __ than they did at __, men reach sexual peak at __
40; 25; 19
- 20-40: sexual excitation peaked for women and men and declined for both after that
- Women 20-80: level of inhibition was constant
- Men 20: inhibition way lower than women’s but rose steadily
- 55+: men and women have same level of inhibition
Excitation-inhibition model
females have orgasms 100% of the time during sex
Mangaia in the South Pacific
People engage in stereotyping for _________ (when we meet a new person we fill in assumed info so we can understand them until we have more actual info) and ____________(make ourselves feel better by denigrating people from another group)
comprehension goals; self-enhancement purposes
socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender-diverse people
gender
biological attributes of humans and animals, including physical features, chromosomes, gene expression, hormones, and anatomy
sex
when someone’s sex assigned at birth aligns with their gender identity. Ex: someone whose sex is female and gender identity is a woman could be referred to as a cisgender woman
cisgender
when someone’s sex assigned at birth DOES NOT align with their gender identity and they have, are currently, or wish to undergo changes to aspects of themselves to better align with their gender identity (though individuals may adopt the label trans differently and according to their own experiences).
transgender
someone who was assigned male at birth but whose gender identity is a woman
trans woman
someone who was assigned female at birth but whose gender identity is a man
trans man
someone who does not necessarily identify as a woman or man, who might identify as both, neither, or differently depending on the day! Different people can use the same label but have different experiences and definitions of their own gender. Might also identify as trans—trans is often a label used to acknowledge one’s status as someone undergoing changes to better reflect their gender identity.
Nonbinary, Genderqueer, Genderfluid
someone whose sex assigned at birth does not align with their gender identity. Includes trans folks but not all identify as trans. Other examples can include genderqueer, genderfluid, nonbinary, etc. Anyone with a gender identity that is not cisgender woman or cisgender man and is therefore in the minority.
Gender Minority Person
- Someone who is trans might be comfortable saying “I am a trans woman” when asked about gender identity—someone who wants people to understand that trans is a part of their gender experiences and is at the forefront of their identity in addition to being a woman
- Trans woman might also say “I am a woman” because it’s not always safe to communicate one’s trans status or person wants other only to see them as a woman. Some who “pass” for a very long time and may feel that the transition phase of their experience is no longer a large part of their day-to-day life
different opinions on being labeled trans
Was a major center for trans, LGBTQ, and sexuality studies in Berlin, Germany in the early 1900s called the Institute for Sexuality and was led by _________, who coined the term “transsexualism” (outdated term for transgender). Institute was destroyed by the Nazis.
Dr. Magnus Hirschfield
Trans is about ____ and not about sexuality or sexual identity
gender
It is clear when a penis is aroused, but not a vagina. This could make females less likely to _____
masturbate
women less satisfied with their bodies have ____ sexual desire
lower
vary in the changes they wish to undergo to best reflect their gender identity. Sometimes they might desire hormones or surgeries, sometimes they don’t. people can express gender in all kinds of ways (clothing, makeup, hairstyles, demeanor, etc)
trans people
can identify as gay, queer, lesbian, and straight
trans people
trans people’s ______ can change while they transition, as can cisgenders over time
sexual identities
there is still ____ within cisgender and queer communities
transphobia
psychological distress about a mismatch between a person’s gender identity and gender assigned at birth
gender dysphoria
diagnosis of gender dysphoria requires _____. someone might feel a missmatch but not be distressed about it, and they would not qualify for the diagnosis.
distress
10% of _____ who were out to their family reported that a family member was violent toward them, 30% reported being fired/mistreated, 33% had negative experiences with a health care provider
trans
rates of mistreatment are even higher for
trans people of color
Term is used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), which is used to diagnose mental health issues
gender dysphoria
Being a “homosexual” was in the DSM up until
1973
uses term “gender incongruence of childhood” and “gender incongruence of adolescence and adulthood” which are meant to be less stigmatizing
International Classification of Diseases by the World Health Organization (ICD)
a strong, irrational fear of trans people
transphobia
the more scientific term that refers to negative attitudes and behaviors towards trans people
anti-trans prejudice
Distress related to a strong desire to be treated as a gender different from that assigned at birth, and a strong desire for primary and secondary sex characteristics of another gender
gender dysphoria
Some feel as though gender dysphoria just focuses on the negative aspects of being trans, and the distress part. To balance this out, people have also adopted a term called
gender euphoria
can occur in childhood, but also during adolescence and adulthood; as a diagnosis it is controversial because some feel it stigmatizes trans people by indicating that being trans is a mental illness
gender dysphoria
the joy that one feels when there is a correspondence between one’s gender identity and one’s gender features (body, clothing, appearance).
gender euphoria
What has shown positive results in reducing prejudice and discrimination against transgender people?
interventions in which a person is asked to take the perspective of the group that is the object of prejudice
A metoidioplasty is a type of ________ surgery for trans men that involves releasing and enlarging the clitoris.
gender-affirming
When a research team (Williams et al., 2016) asked 25 trans women what the most serious problem was for a trans person in a love relationship, the most common response was
being truly accepted for who they are.
an effect an online intergroup-contact intervention (Moss-Racusin & Rabasco, 2018) had with respect to bias toward trans people
It reduced bias against trans people somewhat but did not eliminate it.
In the transgender community, what are the two broad camps with respect to belief in what the “best” kind of transgender person is?
those who think trans people should undergo medical transition and “pass” as a cisgender, and those who want to challenge gender binary norms and remain gender ambiguous
_____refused to marry and fled, dressed as a man entering a monastery, and became ______(man). Was elected prior of a convent, was accused of getting a woman pregnant, was expelled from the convent, died, and people found the body to be female
Pelagia; Pelagius
can have effects on stopping prejudice
brief interventions
Used ______(contact between members of different social groups can reduce prejudice and stereotypes) to have participants imagine themselves as a pharmacy technician and interact for a position. All groups reduced bias of trans and said that trans candidate was hirable, but not as hirable as the cisgender candidate.
intergroup contact theory
instances of discrimination fell into 5 categories: microaggressions/harassment, restricted career/work opportunities, maltreatment in health care settings; harassment by law enforcement, and bullying/harassment in educational settings
Trans discrimination scale (Laurel B. Watson)
showed that children displayed response patterns consistent with their gender identity, not birth-assigned gender
IAT test
Trans adolescents were given a whiff of androstadienone and hypothalamic response was measured using MRI. Hypothalamic responses related to their _____, not _____.
gender identity; natal gender
-Those with more intense ________ tend to continue to be transgender into adulthood; it decreases in adulthood
gender dysphoria
sexually attracted to women
gynephilic
sexually attracted to men
androphilic
Late-onset trans adults are more likely to be sexually attracted to ____ gender as gender identity
same
doesn’t always cover trans surgeries
health insurance
o Voice and communication therapy (help person speak in range and communicate nonverbally to match their gender identity)
o Supportive therapy and peer support (to reduce stress)
o Facial hair removal for birth-assigned males
o Therapy for the family
services that should be available for trans people short of medical transition treatments
_____ children’s mental health is as good as cisgender, but 40% have attempted suicde at some point in their lives
trans
process in which trans youth or adults live openly in a way that matches their gender identity (dressing as a woman, female pronouns, etc)
social transition
wish to transition medically or surgically so their body matches their identity
gender-affirming therapy
to block puberty in early adolescents: pubertal suppression; reversible; rare (6%) to discontinue the blocker or to feminize or masculinize the body; partially reversible; older adolescents and adults capable of decision; trans men: deeper voice, facial hair, growth in clit; trans women: anti-androgens and estrogen are given—breast growth, fewer erections, increased body fat
hormonal therapy
this treatment is beneficial for mental health
hormonal therapy
removal of uterus (hysterectomy), fallopian tubes, and ovaries; metoidioplasty (releasing the clit, which enlarges with hormone therapy, to create a small penis) /phalloplasty (creation of a penis from tissue like the forearm); and enlargement of the scrotum with insertion of artificial testes; metoidioplasty and phalloplasty: create a penis
genital surgery for trans men
penectomy (removal of penis), orchiectomy (removal of the testes), vaginoplasty (creation of a vagina from the skin of the penis), clitoroplasty (creation of a clitoris), and vulvoplasty (surgery to create a female-appearing vulva; “bottom surgery”
genital surgery for trans women
removal of breasts for trans men, breast augmentation for trans women; “top surgery”
chest surgery
The penis creating surgeries are difficult and often not completely successful so many trans men decide
against them
most do ___ regret their surgeries
not
can help people with gender dysphoria without medical intervention
psychotherapy
o Need to inform themselves with basic knowledge about the trans experience and research (identity may not align with birth)
o Should understand the prejudice, discrimination, and violence that affect their health
o Should understand trans development across the lifespan (persisters vs. desisters); need to understand different approaches
o Should understand that TGNC people have better outcomes if they receive social support and affirmative care
o Often are part of interdisciplinary treatment
in order to diagnose, psychologists…
Processes in __________ can cause gender variation—trans men displayed brain regions that are intermediate between cis males and cis females; difficult to conclude from research with trans people undergoing hormone therapy because of brain changes
prenatal development
