COM Arts Exam Flashcards
organizing your thoughts logically
similarity between public speaking and conversation
tailoring your message to the audience
similarity between public speaking and conversation
telling a story for maximum impact
similarity between public speaking and conversation
adapting to listener feedback (facial expressions)
similarity between public speaking and conversation
_______ is more highly structured (time, anticipate)
public speaking
______ requires more formal language
public speaking
_______ requires a different method of delivery (clear/loud voice, posture, avoid mannerisms)
public speaking
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
stage fright
a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
adrenaline
ex: controlled, helps energize a speaker for their presentation
positive nervousness
enthusiastic feeling with an edge to it, still nervousness but you are in control of it
positive nervousness
acquire speaking experience (the more you learn, the less threatening; enrolled in the class)
method that turns nervousness from negative to positive
prepare (pick topic your care about)
method that turns nervousness from negative to positive
think positively (self-talk)
method that turns nervousness from negative to positive
use the power of visualization (mental pictures of success)
method that turns nervousness from negative to positive
mental imaging in which speakers vividly picture themselves giving a successful presentation
visualization
know that most nervousness isn’t visual (act cool and collected)
method that turns nervousness from negative to positive
don’t expect perfection (if you mess up, act like nothing happened)
method that turns nervousness from negative to positive
focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion
critical thinking
speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation
7 elements of the speech communication process
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
speaker
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else(nonverbal and verbal)
message
the means by which a message is communicated
channel
the person who receives the speaker’s message
listener
the sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. no 2 people can have exactly the same _______
frame of reference
the messages, usually, nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
feedback
anything that impedes the communications of a message. can be external or internal to listeners
interference
the time and place in which speech communication occurs
situation
the belief that one’s own group or culture us superior to call other groups or cultures
ethnocentrism
can play a positive role in creating group pride and loyalty; can also lead to prejudice and hostility toward different racial, ethnic, religious, or cultural groups
why speakers should avoid ethnocentrism
does great harm to listeners and can destroy reputation
unethical public speaking
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
ethics
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
ethical decisions
people make decisions based off of personal beliefs; there can be grey areas; good to ask ethical questions
ethical responsibility
make sure your goals are ethically sound
guideline for ethical speaking
be fully prepared for each speech (speech can have a huge impact)
guideline for ethical speaking
be honest in what you say (blatant or subtle forms are not ok; plagiarizing is not ok)
guideline for ethical speaking
avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language
guideline for ethical speaking
the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
name-calling
the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution
Bill of Rights
put ethical principles into practice
guideline for ethical speaking
presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own
plagiarism
stealing a speech entirely and passing it off as your own
global plagiarism
stealing ideas or language from 2 or 3 sources and passing them off as one’s own
patchwork plagiarism
failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
incremental plagiarism
_____ is when you copy the entire thing while ____ is when you copy a few sources
global plagiarism; patchwork plagiarism
be careful when taking research notes to distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrased material, and your own comments. err on the side of caution–when in doubt, cite your source
how to avoid incremental plagiarism
to restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words
paraphrase
be courteous and attentive
guideline for ethical listening
avoid prejudging the speaker
guideline for ethical listening
maintain the free and open expression of ideas
guideline for ethical listening
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
hearing
paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
listening
if you don’t listen well, you will not understand what you hear and may pass along your misunderstanding to others; fair to classmates; good way to improve your own speech
why good listening is important
listening for pleasure or enjoyment (comedy)
appreciative listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker (friend in distress)
empathic listening
listening to understand the message of a speaker (directions for finding a friend’s house)
comprehensive listening
listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it (politics)
critical listening
training in listening is also training how to think
how listening is connected to critical thinking
the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120-180 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400-500 words a minute)
spare “brain time”
listening too hard
cause of poor listening
jumping to conclusions
cause of poor listening
focusing on delivery and personal appearance
cause of poor listening
take listening seriously
how to become a better listener
be an active listener
how to become a better listener
giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view
active listening
resist distractions (phones)
how to become a better listener
don’t be diverted by appearance or delivery
how to become a better listener
suspend judgement
how to become a better listener
focus your listening (listen for main points; listen for evidence; listen for technique)
how to become a better listener
develop note-taking skills
how to become a better listener
an outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
key-word outline
a speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible
ice breaker speech
focusing your topic (1 or 2 events that make you who you are), developing your topic (be creative with organization, use description, sometimes humor)
2 major steps for developing introductory speech
the opening section of a speech
introduction
the main section of a speech
body
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
topical order
the major points developed in the body of a speech
main points
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
transition
the final section of a speech
conclusion
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes (recommended method of delivery)
extemporaneous speech
rehearse the speech outlaid, don’t get discouraged, perform in front of friends/family, ask for feedback, time it
steps for rehearsing a speech
be relaxed and view the room, can use some hair gestures but don’t fidget, use eye contact, use voice as expressively as in normal convos, use distressing strategies for nerves (squeeze hands together)
5 elements of speech delivery for 1st speech
motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech
gestures
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
eye contact
the subject of a speech
topic
a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts
brainstorming
personal inventory, clustering, internet search
brainstorming methods for choosing a speech
the broad goal of a speech
general purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in their speech
specific purpose
write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment
5 tips for formulating purpose statement
express your purpose as a segment, not as a question
5 tips for formulating purpose statement
avoid figurative language in your purpose statement
5 tips for formulating purpose statement
limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea
5 tips for formulating purpose statement
make sure your purpose statement is not too vague or general
5 tips for formulating purpose statement
does my purpose meet the assignment?
5 questions for formulating purpose statement
can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?
5 questions for formulating purpose statement
is the purpose relevant to my audience
5 questions for formulating purpose statement
is the purpose too trivial for my audience?
5 questions for formulating purpose statement
is the purpose too technical for my audience?
5 questions for formulating purpose statement
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
central idea
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after they have forgotten everything else in a speech
residual message
general purpose starts with a broad topic that gets narrower at the specific purpose and narrower at the central idea
difference between general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea
importance of determining the specific purpose early
you figure out what you hope to accomplish with your speech
Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?
the idea is to inform a group of people and keep them engaged
to inform and to persuade
2 general purposes of more classroom speeches
1)should be expressed in a full sentence, 2) should not be in the form of a question, 3) should avoid figurative language, 4) should not be vague or overly general
4 guidelines for the central idea
Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?
we often speak best about subjects with which we are familiar
a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other sources owned by a library
catalogue
librarians (expert who can locate sources or track down info)
5 types of library resources
the catalogue (can search for books and see if they are checked out)
5 types of library resources
a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves
call number
a work that synthesizes a large amount of related info for easy access by researchers
reference work
reference works (some electronic, saves time; encyclopedias, yearbooks, quotation books, biographical aids)
5 types of library resources
a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers
newspaper and periodical database
newspaper and periodical databases (locate articles in thousands of publications)
5 types of library resources
a database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals
academic database
a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author
abstract
search engines, specialized resources (government resources, Wikipedia), and evaluating internet documents (authorship(is the author clearly identified?), sponsorship(is the organization fair-minded?), recency
evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the Internet
an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet
sponsoring organization
an interview conducted to gather information for a speech
research interview
define the purpose of the interview, decide whim to interview, arrange the interview, decide whether to record the interview, prepare your questions
before the interview (1st stage of the interview process)
dress appropriately and be on time, repeat the purpose of the interview, set up recorder if needed, keep the interview on track, listen carefully, don’t overstay your welcome
during the interview (2nd stage of the interview process)
review your notes as soon as possible, transcribe your notes
after the interview (3rd stage of the interview process)
the longer you wait, the more problems you will encounter; gives you plenty of time to think about what you find
importance of starting speech research early
a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful info about a speech topic–keeps list of sources to use
preliminary bibliography
start early, make a preliminary bibliography, take notes efficiently, think about your materials as you research
tips for doing research
take plenty of notes; record notes in a consistent format; make a separate entry for each note; distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas
4 things you should of to take research notes efficiently
listeners demand coherence and you gain practice in critical thinking
importance of speeches being organized
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
strategic organization
the major points developed in the body of a speech
main points
how many main points will your speech usually contain?
2 or 3
chronological order (informative), spatial order (informative), casual order (persuasive and informative), problem-solution order (persuasive), topical order (used most often, can be informative or persuasive),
five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
spacial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
casual order
keep main points separate, try to use the same pattern of wording for main points, balance the amount of time devoted to main points
3 tips for preparing main points
the materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. the 3 major kinda of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony
supporting materials
the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech is…
ORGANIZE so they are directly relevant to the main points they are supposed to support.
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them
connective
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
transition
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
internal preview
transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, signposts
4 kinds of speech connectives
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding points
internal summary
a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
signpost
get the attention and interest of your audience (relate the topic to the audience, state the importance of your topic, startle the audience, arouse the curiosity of the audience, question the audience, begin with a quotation, tell a story, use visual aids)
4 objectives of a speech introduction
reveal the topic of your speech (good to restate; clear)
4 objectives of a speech introduction
establish your credibility and goodwill (should be perceived as qualified, clear about intentions)
4 objectives of a speech introduction
preview the body of the speech (audience is not left guessing; smooth lead-in to the body of the speech)
4 objectives of a speech introduction
the audience’s perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
goodwill
a statement in the intro of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
preview statement
- keep brief
- look for possible introductory materials
- be creative
- don’t worry about exact wording
- work out in detail
- don’t start talking too soon
6 tips for intro
to let the audience know you are ending the speech and to reinforce the audience’s understanding of the central idea
major functions of a speech conclusion
a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
crescendo ending
crescendo ending and dissolve ending
signal the end of the speech (conclusion)
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
dissolve ending
summarize your speech, end with a quotation, make a dramatic statement, refer to the intro
reinforce the central idea
- keep an eye out for possible concluding materials as you research
- end with a bang
- not too long
- don’t leave anything to chance, be detailed
4 tips for conclusion
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, intro, main points, subpoenas, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
preparation outline
state the specific purpose of your speech; identify the central idea; label the into, body, and conclusion; use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation; statesman points and subpoenas in full sentences; label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews; attach a bibliography; give your speech a title
guidelines for the preparation outline
the pattern of symbolism and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker’s ideas
visual framework
a brief outline used to job a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech
speaking outline
follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline, make sure the outline is legible, keep the outline as brief as possible, give yourself cues for delivering the speech
guidelines for speaking outline
directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how they want to deliver key parts of the speech
delivery cues
communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
nonverbal communication
directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication
elements of good speech delivery
a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
manuscript speech
reading from a manuscript (works for some; feels like you’re reading to them), reciting from memory (must still focus on audience; hard), speaking impromptu (stay calm; focus on audience), speaking extemporaneously (have outline/notes; prepared)
4 methods of speech delivery
a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
impromptu speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
extemporaneous speech
presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
conversational quality
the loudness of softness of the speaker’s voice
volume
the highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice
pitch
changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice
inflections
a constant pitch or tone of voice
monotone
the speed at which a person speaks
rate
a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
pause
a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh”
vocalized pause
changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
vocal variety
a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocab
dialect
why nonverbal communication is important
affect the way the listeners respond to a speaker
personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact
4 major aspects of nonverbal communication
the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
kinesics
- go through preparation outline aloud
- prepare speaking outline
- practice speech several times only using speaking outline
- polish and refine delivery
- give speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will encounter on speech day
5 steps for practicing speech delivery
formulate answers to possible questions, practice the delivery of your answers
preparing for the question-and-answer session
approach questions with a positive attitude, listen carefully, direct answers to the entire audience, be honest and straightforward, stay on track
managing the question-and-answer session
person will come across as better prepared, more credible, and more professional than a dynamic speaker who does not use them
visual aids
objects and models (doll), photographs and drawings, graphs (show trends/patterns), charts (summarizing large blocks of info), videos, the speaker (own body)
kinds of visual aids
a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns
graph
a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space
line graph
a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
pie graph
a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among 2 or more items
bar graph
too many visuals do more harm than good; use them to enhance the presentation
factors you should consider when using presentation technology in a speech
prepare well in advance, keep simple, make sure they’re large enough, use a limited amount of text, use fonts effectively, use color effectively, and use images strategically
guidelines for preparing visual aids
display where listeners can see, avoid passing among the audience, display only while talking about them explain clearly and concisely, talk to audience, practice, check the room and equipment
guidelines for presenting visual aids
a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
informative speech
anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form
object
speeches about objects, speeches about process, speeches about events, and speeches about concepts
types of informative speeches
a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product
process
a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like
concept
audience will often be vaguely knowledgable (at best) about the details of the topic; must assume they know nothing
important not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic
don’t overestimate what the audience knows, relate the subject directly to the audience, don’t be too technical, avoid abstractions, personalize your ideas, and be creative
guidelines for informative speaking
communicate even the most complex ideas clearly and simply
what to do to make sure the ideas don’t pass over listener’s heads
how to relate subject directly to the audience
tie it in with their interests and concerns; “you”
how to not make your speech overly technical
avoid technical words; make language straightforward; ideas easy to grasp
description, comparisons, contrast
ways to avoid abstractions
to present one’s ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
personalize
the three criteria for judging the reliability of research documents located on the Internet are authorship, sponsorship, and
recency
