Com Arts Exam #2

Question 1

the materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. The 3 major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

Answer 1

supporting materials

Question 2

make speeches more interesting and convincing. They are sharp and specific, clear and credible

Answer 2

supporting materials

Question 3

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

Answer 3

example

Question 4

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point (pile them one upon the other until you create the desired impression)

Answer 4

brief example

Question 5

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point (tell story vividly and dramatically)

Answer 5

extended example

Question 6

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation (speaker creates a realistic scenario, relates it directly to her listeners, and gets them involved in the speech)

Answer 6

hypothetical example

Question 7

use examples to personalize your ideas, reinforce examples with statistics or testimony, make your examples vivid and richly textured, and practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

Answer 7

tips for using examples

Question 8

numerical data

Answer 8

statistics

Question 9

why is it easy to lie with statistics?

Answer 9

they can be easily manipulated and distorted

Question 10

are the statistics representative? are statistical measures used correctly? and are the statistics from a reliable source?

Answer 10

questions you should ask to judge the reliability of statistics

Question 11

the average value of a group of numbers

Answer 11

mean

Question 12

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

Answer 12

median

Question 13

the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

Answer 13

mode

Question 14

use statistics strategically, identify the sources of your statistics, explain your statistics, round off complicated statistics, and use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

Answer 14

tips for using statistics in speeches

Question 15

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

Answer 15

testimony

Question 16

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

Answer 16

expert testimony

Question 17

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

Answer 17

peer testimony

Question 18

testimony that is presented word for word

Answer 18

direct quotation

Question 19

to restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words

Answer 19

paraphrase

Question 20

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

Answer 20

quoting out of context

Question 21

quote or paraphrase accurately, use testimony from qualified sources, use testimony from unbiased sources, and identify the people you quote or paraphrase.

Answer 21

tips for using testimony

Question 22

the book, magazine, newspaper, or web document you are citing; the author or sponsoring organization of the document; the author’s qualifications with regard to the topic; and the data on which the document was published, posted, or updated.

Answer 22

the pieces of info you must provide when making oral citations in a speech

Question 23

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

Answer 23

ethos

Question 24

the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker’s credibility are competence and character.

Answer 24

credibility

Question 25

the credibility of a speaker before they start to speak

Answer 25

initial credibility

Question 26

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything they say and do during the speech

Answer 26

derived credibility

Question 27

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

Answer 27

terminal credibility

Question 28

explain your competence, establish common ground with your audience, and deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

Answer 28

ways to enhance your credibility during speeches

Question 29

a technique in which a speaker connects themselves with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

Answer 29

creating common ground

Question 30

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

Answer 30

evidence

Question 31

Persuasive speakers need to use evidence because

Answer 31

most people are skeptical and suspicious of unsupported generalizations. They want speakers to justify their claims.

Question 32

use specific evidence, use novel evidence, use evidence from credible sources, and make clear the point of your evidence

Answer 32

tips of using evidence effectively

Question 33

the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The 2 major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning

Answer 33

logos

Question 34

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

Answer 34

reasoning

Question 35

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

Answer 35

reasoning from specific instances

Question 36

It is important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics because

Answer 36

you can never give enough specific instances in a speech to make your conclusion irrefutable, so you should use them to demonstrate that the instances are representative.

Question 37

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. It is the opposite of reasoning from specific instances: it moves from the general to the specific

Answer 37

reasoning from principle

Question 38

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Answer 38

Causal reasoning

Question 39

The relationship between causes and effects are not always clear because

Answer 39

the fact that one event happens after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second; the closeness in time of the 2 events may be entirely coincidental

Question 40

reasoning in which a speaker compares 2 similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

Answer 40

analogical reasoning

Question 41

Analogical reasoning is frequently used in persuasive speeches on questions of policy because

Answer 41

when arguing for a new policy, you should find out whether it has been tried elsewhere—you may be able to claim that your policy will work because it has worked in like circumstances

Question 42

an error in reasoning

Answer 42

fallacy

Question 43

hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, and appeal to novelty

Answer 43

10 logical fallacies

Question 44

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

Answer 44

hasty generalization

Question 45

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

Answer 45

false cause

Question 46

an analogy in which the 2 cases being compared are not essentially alike

Answer 46

invalid analogy

Question 47

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Answer 47

Bandwagon

Question 48

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Answer 48

Red herring

Question 49

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Answer 49

Ad hominem

Question 50

a fallacy that forces listener to choose between 2 alternatives when more than 2 alternatives exist

Answer 50

either-or

Question 51

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Answer 51

slippery slope

Question 52

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Answer 52

appeal to tradition

Question 53

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Answer 53

appeal to novelty

Question 54

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

Answer 54

pathos

Question 55

The role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking is intended to

Answer 55

make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent. Want to stir and engage the audience.

Question 56

use emotional language, develop vivid examples, and speak with sincerity and conviction

Answer 56

methods to generate emotional appeal in speeches

Question 57

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

Answer 57

audience-centeredness

Question 58

gains a desired response from listeners

Answer 58

why public speakers must be audience-centered

Question 59

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

Answer 59

egocentrism

Question 60

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age; religion; racial, ethnic, and cultural background; gender identity and sexual orientation; group membership; and the like

Answer 60

demographic audience analysis

Question 61

people want to hear about things that are meaningful to them; pay closest attension to messages that affect themselves

Answer 61

audiences are egocentric means…

Question 61

they mean your listeners will hear and judge what you say on the basis of what they already know and believe; they mean you must relate your message to your listeners–show how it pertains to them, explain why they should care about it as much as you do

Answer 61

implications egocentrism of audiences hold for public speakers

Question 62

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

Answer 62

stereotyping

Question 63

there is no generation in which everyone thinks alike, buys the same products, or votes for the same political candidates, but each group has common experiences and values that set it apart from other generations; different ages can be targeted by different approaches

Answer 63

demographic trait of audiences: age

Question 64

there are all different religions around the world; the US is the most racially diverse nation in the world; there is much diversity within faiths; you should consider religious orientations of listeners to avoid embarrassing pitfalls–can determine success of a speech

Answer 64

demographic trait of audiences: religion

Question 65

people have different races and backrgounds from all over the US and it is important to be sensitive to these; address people from other countries as well; ability to communicate with people of different cultural backgrounds is important; listeners may have different racial, ethnic, or cultural perspectives that affect their attitudes towards the topic; adjust remarks based on these perspectives

Answer 65

demographic trait of audiences: racial, ethnic, and cultural background

Question 66

attitudes about gender identity and sexual orientation have changed; include those who don’t identify by steriotypical gender roles; avoid any excluding of these people, even if unintentional

Answer 66

demographic trait of audiences: gender identity and sexual orientation

Question 67

group affiliations provide clues about listeners’ interests and attitudes

Answer 67

demographic trait of audiences: group membership

Question 68

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience towards the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

Answer 68

situational audience analysis

Question 69

a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc

Answer 69

attitude

Question 70

questions that offer a fixed choice between 2 or more alternatives
- ex: do you know what gerrymandering is in the US political system?

Answer 70

fixed-alternative questions

Question 71

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
- ex: how often do you believe state legislatures engage in gerrymandering? (very seldom–> very often)

Answer 71

scale questions

Question 72

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
- ex: what is your opinion about gerrymandering in politics?

Answer 72

open-ended questions

Question 73

what are the 3 major types of questions to choose from when developing an audience-analysis questionnaire?

Answer 73

fixed-alternative questions, scale questions, and open-ended questions

Question 74

know more about their knowledge and attitudes on specific topic; provide info about classroom audience; give practice in developing the skills of audience analysis

Answer 74

audience-analysis questionnaire

Question 75

1. plan the questionnaire carefully to elicit precisely the info you need
2. use all 3 types of questions
3. make sure the questions are clear and ambiguous
4. make questionnaire relatively brief

Answer 75

audience-analysis questionnaires guidelines

Question 76

why should you use all 3 kinds of questions in an audience analysis?

Answer 76

because each questions have advantages and disadvantages; using all 3 elicits specific info about the audience and probes deeper into their attitudes toward the speech topic

Question 77

1. assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you have to say in your speech
2. adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible

Answer 77

methods to use to adapt speech to the audience before the speech

Question 78

if there are unpredictable circumstances, find another way to present visual aids, mofidy introduction, adjust delivery to audience size, condense speech, keep an eye out for audience feedback

Answer 78

methods to use to adapt speech to the audience during the speech

Question 79

Speeeches outside the classroom: by asking the person who invites you to speak.
Classroom speaches: by observation and conversation.

Answer 79

how to get info about the audience

Question 80

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Answer 80

denotative meaning

Question 81

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Answer 81

connotative meaning

Question 82

_____ gives words their intensity abd emotional power, _____ is precise and objective.

Answer 82

connotative meaning; denotative meaning

Question 83

use ____ for dictionary definition
- ex: “school” means place, institution, or building where instruction is given

Answer 83

denotative meaning

Question 84

use ______ for suggesting or implying
- ex: “school” includes the feelings/emotions/associations that are different for individual people (personal growth or frustration)

Answer 84

connotative meaning

Question 85

how does language help create our sense of reality?

Answer 85

by giving meaning to events; words we use to label an event determine how we respond to it

Question 86

a book of synonyms

Answer 86

thesaurus

Question 87

1. use familiar words
2. choose concrete words
3. eliminate clutter

Answer 87

3 methods public speakers can use to help ensure that their language will be clear to listeners

Question 88

words that refer to tangible objects

Answer 88

concrete words

Question 89

words that refer to ideas or concepts

Answer 89

abstract words

Question 90

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

Answer 90

clutter

Question 91

2 ways to bring speeches to life with vivid, animated language

Answer 91

imagery and rhythm

Question 92

speakers can make their ideas come alive and think about ways to use the rythm and slow of language to enhance the meaning.

Answer 92

how can speakers use imagery and rhythm to help bring their ideas to life?

Question 93

speakers use concrete words (can call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch, smell, and taste; create images that pull us irresistibly into the speech; ex: “the air was filled with the crack of rifle fire”), simile (comparison using “like” or “as”; ex: walking into my home was like being wrapped in a security blanket), and metaphor (comparison not using “like” or “as”; ex: a pandemic is a marathon, not a sprint)

Answer 93

3 key ways speaker can generate imagery

Question 94

speakers use parallelism (arrangement of a series of words; ex: rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, man and woman…), repetition (creates strong emotional effect by reiterating words at the beginning or end of sentences; ex: here is the price of freedom, here is the price of independence), alliteration (repeating initial consonant sound of words; highlights the sound of words; ex: accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause), and antithesis (juxtaposition of contrasting ideas; ex: ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country)

Answer 94

4 basic devices for enhancing the rhythm of a speech

Question 95

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

Answer 95

imagery

Question 96

an explicit comparison, introduced with the word “like” or “as”, between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Answer 96

simile

Question 97

a trite or overused expression

Answer 97

cliché

Question 98

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word “like” or “as”, between 2 things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Answer 98

metaphor

Question 99

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

Answer 99

rhythm

Question 100

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

Answer 100

parallelism

Question 101

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

Answer 101

repetition

Question 102

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

Answer 102

alliteration

Question 103

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

Answer 103

antithesis

Question 104

language should be appropriate to the occasion, audience, topic, and speaker; develop eyour own language style instead of trying to copy someone else’s

Answer 104

language appropriateness/ inclusive language

Question 105

respectful of different groups that make up American society; respectful and use courtesy

Answer 105

inclusive language

Question 106

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions

Answer 106

persuasion

Question 107

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

Answer 107

mental dialogue with the audience

Question 108

this is when a speaker must anticipate what the audience will think/believe about the speech and deal with their skepticism; put yourself in the audience’s shoes and address possible problems before speaking

Answer 108

mental dialogue with speakers and how to be effective

Question 109

the objective is more ambitious than speaking to inform and audience analysis/adaptation is more demanding; controversial topics can increase resistence to persuasion which is more difficult; different viewpoints can be hard to change;

Answer 109

the differences between an informative speech and a persuasive speech; why persuasive speech is more challenging

Question 110

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Answer 110

target audience

Question 111

what is the target audience for persuasive speech?

Answer 111

those whose opinions can possibly be changed (not those very opposed, not those who complretely agree, but in the middle)

Question 112

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion;
persuasive speaker would draw a conclusion from the known facts and try to convert listeners to their point of view
ex: can be answered–what college bball team has won the most games since 2000
ex: can’t be answered absolutely–did the defendent commit the crime?
ex of SPS: to persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit Cali in the next 10 years

Answer 112

question of fact

Question 113

a question about the worth, rightness, morality. and so forth of an idea or action;
must justify your claim after answering the question (ex: relatively inexpensive)
ex: is it morally justifiable to keep prisoners in solitary confinement for extended periods of time?
ex of SPS: to persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation

Answer 113

questions of value

Question 114

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken;
always go beyond questions of fact or value to decide whether something “should” or “should not”;
ex: what measures should be taken to protect people’s privacy?;
include speeches to gain passive agreement/ immediate action;
ex of SPS: problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, comparative advantages, or Monroe’s motivated sequence

Answer 114

question of policy

Question 115

a persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
ex: to persuade my audience that there should be stricter privacy standards on companies that offer…

Answer 115

speech to gain passive agreement

Question 116

a persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
ex: to persuade my audience to donate to the Wounded Warrior Project

Answer 116

speech to gain immediate action

Question 117

in ________ you want the audience to agree but not necissarily take action, in ______ you want to motivate them to take action;
*action reinforces belief

Answer 117

speech to gain passive agreement; speech to gain immediate action

Question 118

the FIRST basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
burden of proof always rests with the speaker who advocates change
ex: is there a need for more student parking on campus?

Answer 118

need

Question 119

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

Answer 119

burden of proof

Question 120

the SECOND basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with the current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
ex: what can we do to get more student parking on campus?/ 4 step plan

Answer 120

plan

Question 121

the THIRD basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems?;
must be prepared to show it is workable
ex: building a multilevel parking garage on campus would provide more student parking, but the cost would require a sharp increase in tuition

Answer 121

practicality

Question 122

How much of your speech should you devote to need, to plan, and to practicality?

Answer 122

Depends on topic and audience: if audience is unaware of problem–> more time to need. if audience is familiar–> remind them of need and devote most of speech to plan and practicality

Question 123

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
ex of SPS: to persuade my audience that the US Congress should pass legalization that will reduce lead levels in the nation’s water supply

Answer 123

problem-solution order

Question 124

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
ex of SPS: to persuade my audience that action is required to deal with the problem of childhood obesity.

Answer 124

problem-cause-solution order

Question 125

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
ex of SPS: to persuade my audience that our city should build a rapid bus system instead of a new highway

Answer 125

comparative advantages order

Question 126

a method of organizing persuasive peeches that seeks immediate action. the 5 steps of the motivated sequence are attension, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
Considered valuable in speeches that seek immediate action because it is more detailed and leads the listener step by step to the desired action
ex of SPS: to persuade my audience to take class notes by hand instead of on a computer

Answer 126

Monroe’s motivated sequence

Question 127

to pay tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea; to inspire people–to arouse and heighten their appreciation of or admiration for the person, institution, or idea you are praising; to express feelings

Answer 127

fundemental purpose of a commemorative speech

Question 128

a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea

Answer 128

commemorative speech

Question 129

using simile, parallelism, repetition, antithesis, alliteration, vivid language; it make the speech more powerful; by using language imaginitively you can invest the occasion with dignity, meaning, and honest emotion

Answer 129

why a successful commemorative speech depends on the creative/subtle use of language