Psych Sexuality Exam #2 Flashcards
Woman takes a pill that contains estrogen and progestin, both at higher doses than natural levels, for 21 days and a placebo for 7
Combination birth control pills
the number of women out of 100 that use a contraceptive method and who become pregnant during their first year
Failure rate
Can create blood clots, increase depression, and increase/decrease sexual desire
Problems of the pill
Can decrease blood flow, decrease cramps, and clear up acne
Pros of the pill
(1900s)Crusader for birth control; nurse who saw people kill themselves from unwanted pregnancy
Margaret Higgins Sanger
progestin only pills–good for breastfeeding
Mini-pills
Same hormone as the pill, through skin, apply every 7 days for 3 weeks, 1 week off
The patch
Remains in vagina for 21 days, 7 days without, same typical-user failure rate as the pill
Vaginal ring
shot every 3 months, inhibits ovulation, no periods, lower failure rate than the pill
Depo shot
more than a year and can be reversed; implants and IUDs; more effective than the pill
LARC (Long-Acting, Reversible Contraceptives)
Thin tubes/rods containing progestin; highly effective for 4 years
Implants
small piece of plastic or metal or hormone inserted until removed; more effective than the pill and depo; 5 different kinds
Intrauterine device (IUD)
thin sheath that fits over the penis; protects against pregnancy and STIs
Male condom
molded, silicone rubber device that goes against the cervix; put in 6 hours before, take out 6 hours after
Diaphragm
silicone rubber barrier shaped like a sailor’s hat that covers cervix and conforms to vaginal walls
FemCap
shaped like a pillow; covers cervix; unreliable
The sponge
sperm killers; ineffective so use with other form; tastes bad
Spermicides
man withdraws his penis from his partner’s vagina before he has an orgasm and ejaculates outside the vagina; unreliable
Withdrawal
abstaining from intercourse during the woman’s fertile period; accepted by catholic church
Rhythm methods
for women with perfectly regular cycles, 8 days of abstinence are required in the middle of each cycle (28 day cycle); 3 days before ovulation, 2 after
Calendar method
the woman takes her temp every day immediately upon waking. during the preovulatory phase her temp will be at a fairly constant low level. on the day of ovulation it drops (although this does not always occur), and on the day after ovulation it rises sharply and then stays at that high level for the rest of the cycle
Basal body Temp (BBT)
judge if sex is safe based on mucus in vagina
Cervical mucus method
combines 2 rhythm methods to produce better effectiveness
Symptom-thermal method
surgical procedure whereby an individual is made permanently sterile (unable to reproduce)
Sterilization
male sterilization; vas deferent is tied or cut; not positively safe for sex until 3 months after; ejaculate is normal but doesn’t contain sperm
Vasectomy
cuts Fallopian tubes and ties them off or blocks them in some way
Laparoscopy
termination of a pregnancy
Abortion
during 1st trimester; done w local anesthetic; suction device; most common
Vacuum aspiration method
used for a medication or medical abortion; pill
Mifepristone
anti-abortion; home remedies; done in secret
Ekiti Yoruba
want many people; banned contraceptives; had access to safe abortions in secret; would “be careful”
Greece
occurs when a great deal of blood flows into the blood vessels in the genitals as a result of dilation of the blood vessels in the region–causes erection and lubrication of vagina
Vasocongestion
occurs when muscles contract in the genitals and body
Myotonia
beginning of erotic arousal; vasocongestion occurs; males get an erection; women’s clit swells; women nipples become erect; inner lips swell and open up
Excitement phase
make erection go away following orgasm
Vasoconstriction
as a woman becomes more aroused and closer to orgasm, the bulbospongiosis muscle tightens around the entrance of the vagina–vaginal entrance gets smaller
Orgasmic platform
a series of rhythmic contractions of the pelvic organs at 0.8-second intervals including preliminary stage and second stage
Male orgasm
vas, semi vesicles, and prostate contract, forcing the ejaculate into a bulb at the base of the urethra–coming can’t be stopped
Preliminary stage male orgasm
urethral bulb and penis contract rhythmically, forcing semen through urethra and tip of penis
Second stage of male orgasm
series of rhythmic muscular contractions of the orgasmic platform; 0.8-second intervals; contractions vary in number; uterus contracts rhythmically
Female orgasm
the body returns physiologically to the unaroused state (reversal process of excitement)
Resolution phase
the loss of erection in the penis
Detumescence
During the resolution phase, men are incapable of being aroused again, having an erection, or having an orgasm (can last minutes to hours)
Refractory period
Sigmund Freud thought vaginal is “better/more mature”; reality is physiologically all orgasms are the same and clitoral stimulation is almost always involved in producing orgasms
Clitoral orgasm and viginal orgasm
a series of orgasms occurring within a short period of time; if a woman is stimulated again after orgasm, she can have another; usually done through hand stimulation or oral because men can’t go that long
Multiple orgasms
desire and passion are not part of the model and participants were chosen only if they had a history of orgasm
Criticisms of Masters and Johnson
Kaplan; sexual response has 3 relatively independent phases: sexual desire, vasocongestion of the genitals, and the reflex muscular contractions of orgasm (2 components are physiological, 1 is psychological); useful in understanding the nature of sexual response and treating disturbances in it
Kaplan’s Triphasic Model of sexual response
2 basic processes underlie human sexual response: excitation (responding with arousal to sexual stimuli) and inhibition (inhibiting sexual arousal); almost all sex research has focused on the excitation component, but it is equally important to understand inhibition; most fit in range, but too much excitation can lead to high-risk sexual behaviors (26-40) and too much inhibition can lead to erectile disfunction
Dual Control Model of sexual response/sexual excitation-inhibition model
occurs when the ejaculate empties into the bladder rather than going out the tip of the penis, resulting in dry orgasm; external sphincter closes so ejaculate can’t flow out of penis and internal sphincter opens so it goes into bladder; not as much pleasure
Retrograde ejaculation
where female ejaculation occurs, on top side of vagina, about halfway between public bone and cervix; stroking produces sexual pleasure
Gräfenberg spot (G-spot/female prostate)
most important sexual organ
the brain
sexual interest network; the nucleus accumbent (in the center of the brain close to hypothalamus), amygdala(emotion), anterior cingulate cortex, and hypothalamus; role is to recognize sexual opportunity in environment; not associated with erection
Limbic system
hormone effect that cause a relatively preeminent change in the organization of some structures (nervous system or reproductive system); hormones present during prenatal development that create male/female genitals
Organizing effects
hormone effects that activate certain behaviors; cut off testes of mouse, they will not engage in sexual/aggressive behaviors. Inject with testosterone, they will engage
Activating effects
the most important hormone to sexual desire in men and women
testosterone
helps decrease testosterone, but the hormone effects are not as clear. Intensive psychotherapy should be included
castrating sex offenders
biochemicals secreted outside the body; somewhat like hormones; in urine or perfume
Pheromones
the convergence, over several months, of the dates of onset periods among women who are in close contact with each other
Menstrual synchrony
parts of the body that are sexually sensitive; stroking stimulates sexual arousal; Freud’s work
Erogenous zones
sexual self-stimulation; masturbation/fantasy
Autoeroticism
self-stimulation; very popular; with hand or object
Masturbation
any conscious mental imagery or daydream that includes sexual activity or is sexually arousing
Sexual fantasy
a rubber/plastic cylinder, often shaped like a penis; inserted into the vagina or anus
Dildo
sexual intercourse
Coitus
“eating”; the woman’s genitals are stimulated by the partner’s mouth; stimulates clit; one of only ways women orgasm
Cunnilingus
“sucking”; the man’s penis is stimulated by the partner’s mouth
Fellatio
fellatio abd cunnilingus performed simultaneously
sixty-nining
man inserts his penis into his partner’s rectum
Anal intercourse
the tongue and mouth stimulate the anus
Anilingus
substance (food, drug, perfume) that excites sexual desire
aphrodisiac
the most common method for measuring sexuality (paper questionnaire, interviews, online)
Self reports
scientist directly observes behavior and records it
Direct observation
participants in the lab wear an eye-trafficking device that measures their point of gaze over time, as they are shown pictures on a computer
Eye-tracking
experimented on people in 1954 to see how their genitals looked when they were sexually stimulated
Masters and Johnson
in the eye, indicates interest/arousal
pupil dilation
if the people in the sample refuse to participate, the great probability is ruined
Problem of refusal or nonresponse
intentionally giving self-reports that are distortions of reality
Purposeful distortion
ask participant a question, then ask again sometime later–measures reliability of responses
Test-retest reliability
offers the privacy of written questionnaire while accommodating poor readers
Computer-assisted self-interview (CASI)
participants have a right to be told, before they participate, what the purpose of the research is and what they will be asked to do
Informed consent
the risks of participating in research and the benefits of the results of the research should be distributed fairly across groups in society
Justice principle
the stress to the research participants should be minimized as much as possible, but some stresses will remain; they are the cost
Cost-benefit approach
directed study of interviews and questionnaires; bisexual; old research; is it valid?
Alfred C Kinsey
involved a probability sampling of households in the United States; one of the best sex surveys of the general population of the United States; sampled only people between ages 18 and 59
NHSLS study (Edward Laumann)
probability sample was identified based on a combination of random-digit dialing of telephone numbers and sampling of residential addresses from the U.S. Postal Service’s list of deliverable addresses
NSSHB
asking people who are already enrolled in the study to nominate others who would be eligible to participate
Snowball sampling
approach that considers how people create group differences, interpret those differences, and maintain the group differences over time
Diversity science
Psychologists should be aware of the critical role that science plays in informing policy and therefore strive to conduct research that promotes the well-being of racial and ethnic minorities, Psychologists should strive to reduce the effects of race bias in their research methods, Researchers should be mindful of historical patterns of oppression and inequality, Research teams should be racially diverse, especially if they are conducting research on race
research/psychologist roles
analyze the media
Content analysis
researcher trains another person the coding scheme, then they individually code texts from the study, two then compare correlations
Intercoder reliability
results are conveyed not in numbers, but in words–thick description
Qualitative research
research method that aims to provide a complete, probing description of a human society
Ethnography
the scientist actually becomes a part of the community to be studied, and makes observations from inside the community
Participant-observer technique
They were all studies of people’s sexual behavior as it occurs naturally, conducted by means such as self-reports or direct observations.
what all the studies have in common
the data obtained can tell us that certain factors are related
correlational
