sociology 201-001 with Jamie Boydstun test 2 Flashcards
define Socialization
the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group
the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group
socialization definition
define The self
a distinct identity that sets us apart from others
a distinct identity that sets us apart from others
The self definition
define Looking-glass self
a self-image based on how we think others see us
-Charles Horton Cooley
a self-image based on how we think others see us
-Charles Horton Cooley
Looking-glass self definition
Stages of the Self
- Preparatory mimic gestures and words
- Play-pretend or play the role of a particular other
- Game-organized games and take on several roles
define generalized other
perspectives and expectations of society that a child learns and uses to shape their own behavior
-George Herbert Mead
perspectives and expectations of society that a child learns and uses to shape their own behavior
-George Herbert Mead
generalized other
define impression management
efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others
-Erving Goffman
-presenting ourselves in a favorable way (dress nicely, actively listen, engage in the conversation, act like you’re interested,smiling, eye contact, etc.)
efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others
-Erving Goffman
-presenting ourselves in a favorable way (dress nicely, actively listen, engage in the conversation, act like you’re interested,smiling, eye contact, etc.)
impression management
define Dramaturgy
the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
~this is what actors do, it could be in a play or a tv show, but those real-life people are portraying a character, so they must understand how the character thinks to be able to play that character
-Erving Goffman
the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
~this is what actors do, it could be in a play or a tv show, but those real-life people are portraying a character, so they must understand how the character thinks to be able to play that character
-Erving Goffman
dramaturgy
define Personal front
Performance tactics, such as clothing, appearance, manner
~you can normally tell someone’s occupation based on their clothing and objects they’re holding or around
-a doctor wears scrubs, a white coat, they hold a tablet/clipboard, and typically a stethoscope
-Erving Goffman
Performance tactics, such as clothing, appearance, manner
~you can normally tell someone’s occupation based on their clothing and objects they’re holding or around
-a doctor wears scrubs, a white coat, they hold a tablet/clipboard, and typically a stethoscope
-Erving Goffman
personal front
define Frontstage
places where we deliver our performance
places where we deliver our performance
frontstage
define Backstage
places where we rehearse and prepare for performances
places where we rehearse and prepare for performances
backstage
define Offstage
no performance happening at all
no performance happening at all
offstage
define Resocialization
process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life
process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life
resocialization
define Total institution
an institution that cuts individuals off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled & regulated
-erving goffman
an institution that cuts individuals off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled & regulated
-erving goffman
total institution
4 agents of socialization and explain them
- family
-most important
-Teaches basic values and norms which shape identity - school
-Provide education
-hidden curriculum - Peer Groups
-Typically replace influence of family during teen years - mass media
-Defines what is important in society
-Presents ideal images
-Reinforces gender roles
-Reproduces stereotypes
Hidden curriculum
set of values and behaviors deemed important in life
set of values and behaviors deemed important in life
hidden curriculum
define Status
a position in society that comes with a set of expectations
a position in society that comes with a set of expectations
status
define Ascribed status
received at birth, they’re given to us
received at birth, they’re given to us
ascribed status
define Embodied status
generated by physical characteristics
generated by physical characteristics
embodied status
define Achieved status
earned through personal effort
earned through personal effort
achieved status
define Master status
a status that is always relevant
a status that is always relevant
master status
define Roles
set of behaviors expected from a particular status
set of behaviors expected from a particular status
roles
define Role strain
occurs when roles attached to a single status lead to competing demands
occurs when roles attached to a single status lead to competing demands
role strain
define Role conflict
occurs when roles attached with one status clash with that of a different status
occurs when roles attached with one status clash with that of a different status
role conflict
define Role exit
process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy
process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy
role exit
define Role-taking emotions
emotions that require that we take the perspective of another person
emotions that require that we take the perspective of another person
role-taking emotion
define Feeling rules
norms regarding the expression and display of emotions
norms regarding the expression and display of emotions
feeling rules
define Emotional labor
process of evoking, suppressing, or managing feelings to create a public display of emotion
process of evoking, suppressing, or managing feelings to create a public display of emotion
emotional labor
define Group
a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other
a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other
group
define Primary groups
composed of people who are most important to our sense of self
composed of people who are most important to our sense of self
primary groups
define Secondary groups
larger and less personal
larger and less personal
secondary groups
define Social network
the web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people
the web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people
social network
define Social ties
connections between individuals
connections between individuals
social ties
define Durkheim’s anomie
loss of purpose that results from weaker social bonds
loss of purpose that results from weaker social bonds
Durkheim’s anomie
define Group dynamics
patterns of interaction between group and individuals
patterns of interaction between group and individuals
group dynamics
define Dyad
two person social group
two person social group
dyad
define Triad
a three person social group
a three person social group
triad
define In-group
a group that identifies with and feels loyalty toward
a group that identifies with and feels loyalty toward
in-group
define Out-group
a group that a person feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward
a group that a person feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward
out-group
define Reference group
a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves
a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves
reference group
define Group cohesion
the sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong
the sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong
group cohesion
define Groupthink
the tendency of very cohesive groups to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement
the tendency of very cohesive groups to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement
groupthink
define Social influence
the influence of the group on individual attitudes and behaviors
the influence of the group on individual attitudes and behaviors
social influence
What is Durkheim’s term for a state of normlessness?
anomie
define Compliance
actions to gain reward or avoid punishment
actions to gain reward or avoid punishment
compliance
define Identification
conformity to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group
conformity to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group
identification
define Internalization
an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group as their own
an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group as their own
internalization
define Social loafing
as more people are added to a task, each one takes it a little easier
as more people are added to a task, each one takes it a little easier
social loafing
define Power
the ability to control the actions of others
the ability to control the actions of others
power
define Coercive power
backed by the threat of force
backed by the threat of force
coercive power
define Influential power
supported by persuasion
supported by persuasion
influential power
Max Weber’s three types of authority are
- traditional
- legal-rational
- charismatic
define Traditional authority
based in custom, birthright, or divine right
based in custom, birthright, or divine right
traditional authority
define Legal-rational authority
based on laws, rules, and procedures
based on laws, rules, and procedures
legal-rational authority
define Charismatic authority
based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader
based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader
charismatic authority
define Instrumental leader
task or goal oriented; concerned with getting the job done
task or goal oriented; concerned with getting the job done
instrumental leader
define Expressive leader
concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group
concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group
expressive leader
define Bureaucracy
a type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently
a type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently
bureaucracy
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
- Specialization
- Hierarchy of authority
- Rules & regulations
- Formal written communication
- Impersonal
- Technical competence
define Specialization
specialized experts perform specific tasks
specialized experts perform specific tasks
specialization
define Hierarchy of authority
each position is under supervision
each position is under supervision
hierarchy of authority
define Rules & regulations
ensure uniform performance of tasks
ensure uniform performance of tasks
rules and regulations
define Formal written communication
ensure effective communication
ensure effective communication
formal written communication
define Impersonal
rules before people
rules before people
impersonal
define Technical competence
members meet given qualifications for their role
members meet given qualifications for their role
technical competence
McDonaldization of Society (Ritzer 1993)
Emphasizes the standardized consumer experience
Emphasizes the standardized consumer experience
McDonaldization of Society (Ritzer 1993)
define Deviance
a behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm
a behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm
deviance
define Social control
formal and informal strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society
formal and informal strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society
social control
Social Control Theory
argues that strong bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance
argues that strong bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance
social control theory
Structural strain theory
there are goals in our society that people want to achieve, but they cannot always reach these goals
there are goals in our society that people want to achieve, but they cannot always reach these goals
structural strain theory
define Differential association
deviance is learned through interacting with deviant peers
deviance is learned through interacting with deviant peers
differential association
define Labeling theory
deviance is caused by external judgments (labels) that change a person’s self-concept and the way others respond to them
-developed by Howard Becker
deviance is caused by external judgments that change a person’s self-concept and the way others respond to them
-developed by Howard Becker
labeling theory
define Self-fulfilling prophecy
a prediction that causes itself to come true
a prediction that causes itself to come true
Self-fulfilling prophecy
define Stereotype threat
self-fulfilling prophecy in which negative stereotypes about one’s social group causes poor performance
self-fulfilling prophecy in which negative stereotypes about one’s social group causes poor performance
Stereotype threat
define Stereotype promise
self-fulfilling prophecy in which positive stereotypes lead to positive performance outcomes
self-fulfilling prophecy in which positive stereotypes lead to positive performance outcomes
Stereotype promise
define Crime
violation of a norm that has been codified into law
violation of a norm that has been codified into law
Crime
Criminal justice system includes:
police, courts, corrections
define Violent crime
crimes against the person
crimes against the person
violent crime
define Property crime
crimes against property
crimes against property
property crime
define Victimless crime
willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services
willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services
victimless crime
define White-collar crime
crime committed by a high-status person in the course of their occupation
crime committed by a high-status person in the course of their occupation
white-collar crime
define Victimization surveys
surveys of ordinary people to determine whether they have been victims of crime
surveys of ordinary people to determine whether they have been victims of crime
victimization surveys
Types of Punishment
- Deterrence
- Retribution
- Incapacitation
- Rehabilitation
define Deterrence
prevent crime by threatening harsh penalties
prevent crime by threatening harsh penalties
deterrence
define Retribution
retaliate or take revenge for a crime that’s been committed
retaliate or take revenge for a crime that’s been committed
retribution
define Incapacitation
remove criminals from society by imprisoning them
remove criminals from society by imprisoning them
Incapacitation
define Rehabilitation
reform criminals so that they may reenter society
reform criminals so that they may reenter society
rehabilitation
