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Hannah Brotherton > Larry Jarrell busn 110, 9-13 > Flashcards

Larry Jarrell busn 110, 9-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Financial capital–

A

Funds that a firm uses to acquire assets and finance its operations

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2
Q

Finance–

A

functional area of business that is concerned with finding the best sources

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3
Q

Risk–

A

degree of uncertainty regarding the outcome of a decision

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4
Q

Risk-return tradeoff–

A

observation that financial opportunities that offer high rates of return are riskier than those offering lower rates of return

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5
Q

Financial ratio analysis–

A

computing ratios that compare values of key accounts listed on financial statements

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6
Q

Liquidity ratios–

A

measure the ability of a firm to obtain the cash it needs to pay its short-term debt as they come due

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7
Q

Liquid asset–

A

can quickly be converted into cash with little risk of loss

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8
Q

Asset management ratios–

A

measure how effectively a firm uses its assets to generate revenue

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9
Q

Leverage ratio–

A

measure the extent to which a firm relies on debt financing in its capital structure

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10
Q

Profitability ratios–

A

measure the rate of return a firm earns on various measures of investment

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11
Q

Budgeted income statements–

A

shows how a firm’s budgeted sales and costs will affect expected net income

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12
Q

Budgeted balance sheet–

A

forecasts the types and amounts of assets a firm will need to implement its future plans and how the firm will finance the assets

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13
Q

Cash budget–

A

detailed forecast of future cash flows; helps financial managers identify when their firm is likely to experience temporary shortages or surpluses of cash

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14
Q

Trade credit–

A

granted by sellers when they deliver goods and services to customers without requiring immediate payment, and it is a form of spontaneous financing

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15
Q

Factor–

A

company that provides short-term financing to firms by purchasing their accounts receivables at a discount

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16
Q

Line of credit–

A

arrangement between a firm and a bank

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17
Q

Revolving credit agreement–

A

bank makes a binding commitment to provide funds up to a specified credit limit at any time during the term of the agreement; guaranteed line of credit

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18
Q

Commercial paper–

A

short-term promissory notes issued by large corporations

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19
Q

Retained earnings–

A

part of a firm’s net income that is reinvested

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20
Q

Equity financing–

A

funds provided by the owners of a company

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21
Q

Debt financing–

A

funds provided by lenders (creditors)

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22
Q

Capital structure–

A

mix of equity and debt financing that a firm uses to meet its permanent financing needs

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23
Q

Dodd-Frank act–

A

law enacted in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008-2009 that strengthened government oversight of financial markets

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24
Q

Cash equivalents–

A

safe and highly liquid assets that many firms list with their cash holdings

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25
Q

U.S. treasury bills (T-bills)–

A

short-term marketable IOUs issued by the U.S. federal government

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26
Q

Money market mutual funds–

A

pool funds from many investors and use these funds to purchase very safe, highly liquid securities

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27
Q

Capital budgeting–

A

procedure a firm uses to evaluate long-term investment proposals

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28
Q

Time value of money–

A

principle that a dollar received in the future

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29
Q

Present value–

A

amount of money that, if invested today at a given rate of interest, would grow to become some future amount in a specified number of periods

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30
Q

Net present value (NPV)–

A

sum of the present values of expected future cash flows from an investment minus the cost of that investment

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31
Q

Financial markets–

A

transfer funds from savers to borrowers

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32
Q

Depository institution–

A

get funds by accepting checking and savings deposits and lending funds to borrowers

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33
Q

Credit union–

A

cooperatives that are owned by its depositors

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34
Q

Savings and loan association–

A

accept savings and checking account deposits to make mortgage loans

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35
Q

Securities broker–

A

act as agents for investors who want to buy and sell financial securities

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36
Q

Securities dealer–

A

participate directly in securities markets, and buy and sell stocks for their own accounts

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37
Q

Investment bank–

A

specialize in helping firms raise financial capital by issuing securities in primary markets

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38
Q

Federal Reserve Act of 1913–

A

established the federal reserve system (the Fed) as the central bank of the united states

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39
Q

Banking Act of 1933–

A

established federal deposit insurance corporation to insure bank deposits; prohibited commercial banks from selling insurance or performing the functions of investment banks

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40
Q

Securities Act of 1933–

A

required firms issuing new stocks in a public offering to file a registration statement with the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)

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41
Q

Securities and Exchange Act of 1934–

A

established the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate and oversee the securities industry

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42
Q

Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999–

A

overturned the section of the Banking Act of 1933 that prohibited commercial banks from selling insurance or performing the functions of investment banks

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43
Q

Common stock–

A

basic form of ownership in a corporation

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44
Q

Capital gain–

A

return on investment received if the price of the stock rises above the amount paid for it

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45
Q

Preferred stock–

A

gives its holder preference over common stockholders in terms of dividends and claims on assets

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46
Q

Bond–

A

formal debt instrument issued by a corporation or government entity

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47
Q

Maturity date–

A

date when a bond will come due

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48
Q

Par value (of a bond)–

A

value of a bond that the issuer promises to pay the bondholder when the bond matures

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49
Q

Coupon rate–

A

interest paid on a bond

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50
Q

Current yield–

A

amount of interest earned is expressed as a percentage of the bond’s current market price

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51
Q

Exchange traded fund (ETF)–

A

shares traded on securities markets that represent the legal right of ownership over part of a basket of individual stock certificates or securities

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52
Q

Primary securities market–

A

market in which newly issued securities are traded

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53
Q

Secondary securities market–

A

trades previously issued securities

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54
Q

Public offering–

A

new securities are offered to any investors who are willing and able to purchase them

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55
Q

Private placement–

A

negotiated between the issuing corporation and a small group of accredited investors

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56
Q

Convertible security–

A

bonds or shares of preferred stock that investors can exchange for a stated number of shares of common stock

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57
Q

Mutual fund–

A

institutional investor that raises funds by selling shares to investors and uses the accumulated funds to buy a portfolio of many different securities

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58
Q

Stock (or securities) exchange–

A

organized venue for trading stocks and securities that meet listing requirements

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59
Q

Over-the-counter (OTC) market–

A

securities that are not listed on exchanges are traded

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60
Q

Electronic communications network (ECN)–

A

automated, computerized securities trading system that automatically matches buyers and sellers

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61
Q

Market order–

A

tell brokers to buy or sell a specific security at the best currently available price

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62
Q

Limit order–

A

tell brokers to buy a specific stock only if its price is below a certain level, or to sell a specific stock only if its price is above a certain level

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63
Q

Stock index–

A

tracks how the prices of specific sets of stocks have changes

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64
Q

Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)–

A

tracks stock prices of 30 large, well-known U.S. corporations

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65
Q

Standard & Poor’s 500–

A

based on prices of 500 major U.S. corporations in a variety of industries and market sectors

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66
Q

Marketing–

A

organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways the benefit the organization and its stakeholders

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67
Q

Utility–

A

ability of goods and services to satisfy wants

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68
Q

Customer relationship management (CRM)–

A

ongoing process of acquiring, maintaining, and growing profitable customer relationships by delivering unmatched value

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69
Q

Customer satisfaction–

A

customers’ perception that a good or service delivers value above and beyond their expectations

70
Q

Customer loyalty–

A

customers repeatedly buy certain products

71
Q

Marketing plan–

A

formal document that defines marketing objectives and the specific strategies for achieving those objectives

72
Q

Market segmentation–

A

dividing potential customers into groups of similar people, or segments

73
Q

Target market–

A

group of people who are most likely to buy a particular product

74
Q

Consumer marketers (business-to-consumer or B2C)–

A

direct their efforts toward people who are buying products for personal consumption

75
Q

Business marketers (business-to-business or B2B)–

A

direct their efforts toward people who are buying products to use either directly or indirectly to produce other products

76
Q

Demographic segmentation–

A

dividing the market based on characteristics about people such as age, income, ethnicity, and gender

77
Q

Geographic segmentation–

A

dividing the market based on where consumers live

78
Q

Psychographic segmentation–

A

dividing the market based on consumer attitudes, interests, values, and lifestyles

79
Q

Behavioral segmentation–

A

dividing the market based on how people behave towards various products

80
Q

Marketing mix–

A

blend of marketing strategies for products, prices, distribution, and promotion

81
Q

Consumer behavior–

A

people’s actions when they are buying, using, and discarding goods and services for their personal consumption

82
Q

Cognitive dissonance–

A

consumer discomfort with a purchase decision typically for a higher-priced item

83
Q

Business buyer behavior–

A

describes people’s behavior when they are buying products to use directly or indirectly to produce other products

84
Q

Marketing research–

A

process of gathering, interpreting, and applying information to uncover opportunities and challenges, and to make better decisions

85
Q

Secondary data–

A

existing data that marketers gather or purchase for a research project

86
Q

Primary data–

A

new data that marketers compile for a specific research project

87
Q

Observation research–

A

does not require the researcher to interact with the research subject

88
Q

Survey research–

A

requires that the researcher interact with the research subject

89
Q

Product–

A

anything that an organization offers to satisfy consumer needs and wants

90
Q

Consumer products–

A

purchased for personal use or consumption

91
Q

Business products–

A

purchased to use either directly or indirectly in the production of other products

92
Q

Product differentiation–

A

attributes that make a good or service different from other products that compete to meet the same or similar customer needs

93
Q

Quality level–

A

measure of how well a product performs its core functions

94
Q

Product consistency–

A

measure of how reliable a product is in delivering its promised level of quality

95
Q

Product features–

A

specific characteristics of a product

96
Q

Customer benefit–

A

advantages that a customer gains from a specific product feature

97
Q

Product line–

A

groups of products that are closely related to each other

98
Q

Product mix–

A

total number of product lines and individual items sold by a single firm

99
Q

Cannibalization–

A

when a firm’s new product takes sales away from its existing products

100
Q

Brand–

A

a product’s identity that sets it apart from other players in the same category

101
Q

Brand equity–

A

overall value of a brand to an organization

102
Q

Line extensions–

A

similar products offered under the same brand name

103
Q

Brand extension–

A

new product, in a new category, introduced under an existing brand name

104
Q

Licensing–

A

purchasing the right to use another company’s brand name or symbol

105
Q

Co Branding–

A

established brands from different companies joining forces to market the same product

106
Q

National brands–

A

brands that the producer owns and markets

107
Q

Store brands–

A

brands that the retailer both produces and distributes

108
Q

Promotion–

A

influences consumer purchase decisions through information, persuasion, and reminders

109
Q

Integrated marketing communication–

A

coordination of marketing messages through every promotional vehicle

110
Q

Positioning statement–

A

articulates how the marketer would like the target market to envision a product relative to competition

111
Q

Promotional channels–

A

specific marketing communication vehicles

112
Q

Advertising–

A

designed to influence a target audience with regard to a product, service, organization, or idea

113
Q

Sales promotion–

A

designed to stimulate sales activity through specific short-term programs

114
Q

Consumer promotion–

A

generates immediate consumer sales

115
Q

Trade promotion–

A

stimulates wholesalers and retailers to push specific products aggressively

116
Q

Public relations (PR)–

A

ongoing effort to create positive relationships with all of a firm’s different publics

117
Q

Publicity–

A

unpaid stories in the media that influence perceptions about a company or its product

118
Q

Personal selling–

A

person-to-person presentation of products to potential buyers

119
Q

Distribution strategy–

A

plan for delivering the right product to the right person at the right place at the right time

120
Q

Channel of distribution–

A

network of organizations and processes that links producers to consumers

121
Q

Physical distribution–

A

actual, physical, movement of products along the distribution pathways

122
Q

Direct channel–

A

distribution process that links a producer and a customer with no intermediaries

123
Q

Channel intermediaries–

A

distribution organizations that facilitate the movement of products from a producer to a consumer

124
Q

Retailers–

A

distributors who sell products directly to users in small quantities

125
Q

Wholesalers–

A

distributors that buy products from producers and sell them to other businesses

126
Q

Merchant wholesalers–

A

take legal possession of the goods they distribute

127
Q

Agents/brokers–

A

do not take title of the goods they distribute

128
Q

Multichannel retailing–

A

provides multiple distribution channels for consumers to buy a product

129
Q

Multi Level marketing (MLM)–

A

involves hiring independent contractors to sell products to their personal network

130
Q

Supply chain–

A

all organizations, processes, and activities involved in the flow of goods from raw materials to the final consumer

131
Q

Supply chain management (SCM)–

A

planning and coordinating the movement of products along the supply chain

132
Q

Logistics–

A

subset of SCM that focuses on the tactics involved in moving products along the supply chain

133
Q

Penetration pricing–

A

aims to capture the market through rock-bottom prices

134
Q

Everyday-low pricing (EDLP)–

A

designed to achieve profitability through high sales volume; long-term discount pricing

135
Q

High/low pricing–

A

designed to drive traffic to retail stores by special sales on a limited number of products, and higher everyday prices on others

136
Q

Loss-leader pricing–

A

pricing a handful of items temporarily below cost to drive traffic

137
Q

Skimming pricing–

A

aims to maximize profitability by offering new products at a premium price

138
Q

Break even analysis–

A

process of determining the number of units a firm must sell to cover all costs

139
Q

Profit margin–

A

gap between the cost and the price of an item on a per-product basis

140
Q

Odd pricing–

A

practice of ending prices in numbers below even dollars and cents in order to create a perception of greater value

141
Q

Financial leverage–

A

the use of debt in a firm’s capital structure

142
Q

Spontaneous financing–

A

financing that arises during the natural course of business without the need for special arrangements

143
Q

Covenant–

A

a restriction lenders impose on borrowers as a condition of providing long-term debt financing

144
Q

Certificate of deposit (CD)–

A

an interest-earning deposit that requires the funds to remain deposited for a fixed term. Withdrawal of the funds before the term expires results in a financial penalty

145
Q

Securities and Exchange Commission–

A

the federal agency with primary responsibility for regulating the securities industry

146
Q

Net asset value per share–

A

the value of a mutual fund’s securities and cash holdings minus any liabilities, divided by the number of shares of the fund outstanding

147
Q

Financial diversification–

A

a strategy of investing in a wide variety of securities in order to reduce risk

148
Q

Initial public offering (IPO)–

A

the first time a company issues stock that may be bought by the general public

149
Q

Underwriting–

A

an arrangement under which an investment banker agrees to purchase all shares of a public offering at an agreed-upon price

150
Q

Registration statement–

A

a long, complex document that firms must fi;e with the SEC when they sell securities through a public offering

151
Q

Accredited investor–

A

an organization or individual investor who meets certain criteria established by the SEC and so qualifies to invest in unregistered securities

152
Q

Market makers–

A

securities dealers that make a commitment to continuously offer to buy and sell the stock of a specific corporation listed on the NASDAQ exchange or traded in the OTC market

153
Q

Marketing concept–

A

a business philosophy that makes customer satisfaction - now and in the future - the central focus of the entire organization

154
Q

Value–

A

a customer perception that a product has a better relationship than its competitors between the cost and the benefits

155
Q

Environmental scanning–

A

the process of continually collecting information from the external marketing environment

156
Q

Market share–

A

the percentage of a market controlled by a given marketer

157
Q

Green marketing–

A

developing and promoting environmentally sound products and practices to gain a competitive edge

158
Q

Mass customization–

A

the creation of products tailored for individual consumers on a mass basis

159
Q

Pure goods–

A

products that do not include any services

160
Q

Pure services–

A

products that do not include any goods

161
Q

Product life cycle–

A

a pattern of sales and profits that typically changes over time

162
Q

Product placement–

A

the paid integration of branded products into movies, television, and other media

163
Q

Advergaming–

A

video games created as a marketing tool, usually with brand awareness as the core goal

164
Q

Buzz marketing–

A

the active stimulation of word of mouth via unconventional, and often relatively low-cost, tactics. Also known as guerrilla marketing and viral marketing

165
Q

Sponsorship–

A

a deep association between a marketer and a partner which involves promotion of the sponsor in exchange for either payment or the provision of goods

166
Q

Push strategy–

A

a marketing approach that involves motivating distributors to heavily promote a product to the final customers, usually through heavy trade promotion and personal selling

167
Q

Pull strategy–

A

a marketing approach that involves creating demand from the ultimate consumers so that they “pull” your products through the distribution channels by actively seeking them

168
Q

Independent wholesaling businesses–

A

independent distributors that buy products from a range of different businesses and sell those products to a range of different customers

169
Q

Wheel of retailing–

A

a classic distribution theory that suggests that retail firms and retail categories become more upscale as they go through their life cycles

170
Q

Modes of transportation–

A

the various transportation options (planes, trains, and railroads) move products through the supply chain

Hannah Brotherton (18 decks)

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