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YEAR 2 > Sociology 101 midterm 2 > Flashcards

Sociology 101 midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the consequences of social isolation in childhood

A

Based on the studies of Victor, it is seen he never mastered speech and cannot develop an emotional bond with others apart from his caregiver.
It is important for children to have exposure to caring and loving humans during the first few months of life. And if this period is missed it can’t be undone. In essence socialization is a time bound process

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2
Q

what is socialization

A

it is the process by which people learn to function in social life and become aware of themselves as they interact with others
This involves:
1. entering and disengaging from a succession of roles
2. becoming aware of themselves as they interact with other

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3
Q

how is the formation of self done

A

In infants continued social interaction enables them to begin developing a self-image or sense of self. We are not born with a sense of self

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4
Q

What is self

A

It consists of your ideas and attitudes about who you are as an independent being

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5
Q

who is sigmund freud

A

he proposed the first social-scientific interpretation of the process by which the self emerges
he argued that only social interaction allows the self to emerge. He believed children develop a sense of appropriate behavior and a moral sense of right and wrong as a result of learning self- control. To civilize others you must put boundaries, like where you can poop or not

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6
Q

who is charles horton cooley

A

He believed that self is developed through the process of “looking-glass self” In essence we interact others and we then judge how others evaluate us, and from theses judgement we developed a self-concept or set of feelings and ideas about who we are
In this concept, the mirror is others. ex: when babies do something and others laugh. they will believe they are funny

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7
Q

who is george herbert mead

A

In the process of developing self, he proposed the “I” and “Me” self
The “I” self is the subjective and impulsive aspect of the self that is present in birth. The part that wants things
The “me” self is the objective component of the self that emerges as people communicate symbolically and learn to take the role of the other

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8
Q

what is george herbert mead four stage of development

A
  1. Imitation: example would be babies babbling to imitate talking, babies shouting when they are angry
  2. Pretending: examples would be playing doctor, teacher and more. they pretend as they take on roles
  3. playing complex games: when they take on various roles at the same thing
  4. developing a sense of cultural standard: image of the generalized others
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9
Q

are people potential shaped by the history they lives through

A

yes

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10
Q

what is a life course

A

The distinct phase of life in which people pass. The stages vary from one depending from society and historical period

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11
Q

does part of history you live through help shape your life

A

yes it does, this can be seen in how before children were considered small adults. However the idea of childhood has emerged when and where it did because of social necessity and social accessibility. Now teens are seen as teens which relieve them of their adult responsibilities

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11
Q

what is rites of passage

A

there are cultural ceremonies that signifies the passage from one phase of life to another or from life to death
There are three phrases:
1. Separation : birth, leaving home, death, marriage
2. transition: learning the appropriate behavior for a new phase of life
3. Incorporation: admitted into a new role

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12
Q

what is age cohort

A

it is the category of people born in the same range of year
ex: looking at people born between the years 2000 and 2010

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13
Q

what is age norm

A

the expectation and norms of people in different age cohorts

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14
Q

what is generation cohort

A

it is an age cohort that shares unique formative experiences during the first few decades of their life. This helps to shape their collective identity and values. generation are most likely to form during times of rapid social change

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15
Q

what are the generation cohorts in canadian generation

A
  1. Greatest generation
    - came to age around the great depression
    - experienced and fought in World War 2
    - due to struggles they faced they are highly resilient, dedicated to their country, and frugal
  2. Silent generation
    - known as the lucky generation because they didn’t experience World War 2 and experienced economic boom
    - associated with lots of civil right movement such the gay right movement and the feminist liberation
    -experienced tv and radio in their later life
  3. Baby boomer
    - they are influential since they helped shape canada
    - experienced vietnam war, trudeaumania, canada centenary, popular music (bettles, rolling stones..)
  4. Generation X
    - faced the worst economic outcome
    - difficulties facing jobs since baby boomers kept holding on to the jobs
  5. Millennial
    - first generation to come of age in the twenties century
    - experienced internet but still know how life was before internet
    - largest living generation
    - more ethically and diverse
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16
Q

what is the view of functionalism on socialization

A

think it maintains orderly social relation

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17
Q

what are the view of conflict theory and feminist on socialization

A

they believe it reproduce conflict and oppression

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18
Q

what are the view of symbolic interactionists on socialization

A

highlights the creativity of individuals in attaching meaning to their social surroundings. people can transcend their socialization and take how they were socialized because they were shaped by society but also reinterpret the norms of society to reshape it

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19
Q

how is a person’s social environment constitute

A

they are constituted and influenced by the real or imagined others

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20
Q

what is Adaptation in relation to socialization

A

individuals adapting their behavior to gain environment cooperation for the satisfaction of need and interest
ex: a student being a good student to get a recommendation letter

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21
Q

where do we get our socialization: families

A

they are the most important agents of socialization because we are mostly spending time with them and they are most enduring you can’t change them. Your adulthood largely corresponds with how you were shaped in your childhood

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22
Q

where do we get our socialization: school

A

The school is responsible for secondary socialization. Important since we spend about 17 or more years. School has a hidden curriculum, that teaches obedience and conformity to cultural norms. Argument from critical race theory and feminist scholar suggest the hidden curriculum is wrong for racial minority and whiteness is taught

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23
Q

what is thomas theorem

A

It is when we treat a situation, they will become real in their consequence
ex: the borders we treat are not actually real but we treat them like they are real. concept of symbolic interactionism

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24
Q

what is self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when an expectation helps bring about the prediction
ex: if a student tells themselves they are going to fail an exam, they won’t study producing a bad score. so the prediction will match the expectation

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25
Q

what is peer group

A

peer groups help young people integrate into the larger society. It is with people with similar age and status

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26
Q

what is status

A

recognized social position an individual can occupy

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27
Q

what is the feminist approach to the mass media

A

Since feminist believe the media shape our ideas around gender, they should have better representation because they are very influential

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28
Q

what is resocialization

A

when people socialize it can be overridden. So an individual is completely removed from their previous social environment and placed in a new one
ex: cult and prison

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29
Q

what is initiation rite

A

it is a ritual that signifies the transition of the individual from one group to another. And also ensure his or her loyalty to the new group

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30
Q

what is the process of initiation rite

A
  1. ritual rejection
  2. ritual death
  3. ritual rebirth
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31
Q

what is total institution

A

it is a setting where people are under strict control and supervision
ex: prision

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32
Q

anticipatory socialization

A

Taking on norms and roles to which we aspire . this can help us to learn the new roles
ex: dressing for a job you want

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33
Q

what is the contribution of the flexibility of self

A

Globalization and the growing ability to fashion new bodies from old. As self is flexible, it is not constant from childhood

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34
Q

what is the contribution of digital technologies in socialization

A

it is another way people are socialized. it allows us to reshape our norms and values, also draw our norms and values from other racial groups and gender

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35
Q

what is deviance

A

deviance violates social norms and it is relatives meaning what others view as seriously wrong, might not be so bad to you

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36
Q

what is crime

A

it is deviance that breaks a law

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37
Q

what are the punishment when some commit a serious act of deviance

A

an individual can face informal or formal punishment
informal punishment is a mild sanction. ex: getting punished for cheating on a test in university
formal punishment is a serious as it take place in the judicial system for breaking a law

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38
Q

what are the criteria that vary in deviance and crime

A
  1. severity of the social response
  2. perceived harmfulness
  3. degree of public agreement
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39
Q

what is uniform crime report

A

it is police reported crime statistics. it has two main shortcomings which are crimes are not reports because they are victimless (both parties are willing consenting) and crimes are ignored (since police think they have lower severity)

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40
Q

what is self-report survey in crime

A

asking respondents to report their involvement in criminal activities wither as perpetrator or as a victim

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41
Q

what is a victimization survey

A

asking people if they were victims of crime

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42
Q

what is the explanation for the decline in crime

A
  1. better trained enforcement
  2. decline in the number of young people (young men)
  3. legalization of abortion
  4. economic boom
  5. lead. it impairs people neurocognitive function and development
43
Q

what are the contribution of the overrepresentation of racial group in prison

A
  1. poverty
  2. tend to commit more visible street crimes unlike white collar. ex: selling drug, breaking and entering, mugging, this are considered street crimes so they happen in public places. White collar crimes are done by people with white collar jobs ex: embezzlement, internet fraud, copyright infringement, hacking
  3. discrimination by criminal justice system. There is more police attention to minority neighbourhoods and the court tends to sentence people of minority background at higher rates and longer sentences
  4. weakened social control over community member due to western culture’s disruption of social life in indigenous communities through like intergenerational trauma from the residential school and more
44
Q

is deviant behavior learned and how is it fixed

A

yes deviant behavior is learned. identifying the social circumstance , so you can disrupt the social circumstance promoting the learning of deviant and criminal roles is a traditional focus of symbolic interactionists

45
Q

why is prison not recommend for young people and first-time criminal

A

Learning any deviant or criminal role requires a social context in which experiences deviant or criminal teach novices the tricks of the trade. Prison is known as the university of deviant because they have more exposure to experienced deviant and criminal increases the chances that an individual will come to value a deviant or criminal lifestyles and consider it normal

46
Q

what is labelling theory

A

Any behavior society views deviance would be considered deviant. what is considered deviant can change over time ex: before being gay was considered deviant but not anymore

47
Q

what is the focus of symbolic interactionism in relation to deviant

A

They focus on the learning and labelling of deviant and criminal roles

48
Q

what is the focus of functionalist in relation to deviant

A

They focus on the social dysfunction resulting from deviant and criminal behavior

49
Q

what was durkheim controversial claim of deviance

A

He believed deviance and crime are beneficial for society. He believes when someone breaks a rule, it gives people the chance to condemn and punish, remind people of their common values, clarifies the moral boundaries and reinforces social solidarity. This will result in positive social change. He believes most people aren’t aware of boundaries until someone breaks and makes everyone aware of the boundaries

50
Q

what is the strain theory

A

People turn to deviance when they experience strain. when there are social expectation an individual has and when it doesn’t happen, they experience a strain which is disconnection between their expectation and their reality.
ex: someone thinks they will become wealthy and then when they don’t, they might commit a crime

51
Q

what is the Merton strain theory of deviance

A
  • cultural goal
  • instituionalized means
  • conformity
  • innovation
  • ritualism
  • retreatism
  • rebellion
52
Q

what is cultural goals

A

what does the culture tell an individual how they should live their life (how to have a good life) . ex: have material success, romantic partners. You can either reject or accept it

53
Q

what is institutionalized means

A

what are the life patterns you should follow. Are you going about the “right” way ex: going to university if you want good education to get a good job to eventually have lots of money
you can either reject or accept it

54
Q

what is conformity

A

accepting the cultural goal and institutionalized means

55
Q

what is innovation

A

accept the cultural goal and reject institutionalized means. ex: Bill Gates, he dropped out of uni and created his company and became rich. another example would be criminal want the cultural goal of wealth, and more, instead of them following the institutionalized means they goes about the wrong way

56
Q

what is ritualism

A

reject the cultural goal and accept the institutionalized means. An individual is going through the motion by doing the right way, they have given up on the cultural goal of wealth and more. ex: working on michaels with no main goal

57
Q

what is retreatism

A

reject both the cultural goal and institulized means
ex: young men living in his mom basement which they have no als and pursuit of a meaningful life

58
Q

what is rebellion

A

having a new goal and new means

59
Q

what is deviant subculture

A

deviant may depart from the mainstream culture, however there are strict conformists (death or worse) when it comes to the norms of their own subculture

60
Q

what can be found in criminal subculture

A
  • denying personal responsibility for action
  • denying the wrongfulness of the act
  • denounce those who pass judgement on them
  • victims get what they deserve especially when they are rich
  • appealing to higher loyalties in their group
61
Q

what is the conflict theory criticism of functionalist

A

conflict theorists believe functionalists exaggerate the connection between crime and class. Also they state there is a weak association between the lower class and performing crime as functionalists tend to associate crime to the lower class as their poverty causes them to commit crime

62
Q

what is the conflict theorist argument

A

The powerful and wealthy write the laws so they impose deviant and criminal labels on other. This tend to be against the people of colour

The rich and powerful are usually able to use their money and influence to escape punishment for their own misdeed

Since power is commonly used to perpetuate privilege, so the members of privilege classes use their power to avoid being defined as criminal and if so defined from suffering serious consequence

63
Q

what is the control theory

A

it is the reward of deviance and crime are plentiful so people will likely to commit crime if they could

64
Q

what are the four types of social control theory

A
  1. social attachment to responsible role model: we have people we care about and their opinion matter. we don’t commit crime because don’t want to ruin the relationship we have
  2. legitimate opportunities for education and a good job: we don’t want to ruin our opportunities for education and good job
  3. involvement in conventional institutions: whether it is clubs, temples, church and more and our involvement with these institutions with be affected if commit deviant crime
  4. beliefs in traditional values and money: our belief hold us in place and if we commit deviant we will jeopardize our beliefs
65
Q

what is social control

A

it is the way in which a social system attempts to regulate people’s thoughts, feelings , appearances and behavior. we have multiple social control from our families, institutions and more

66
Q

what are the two types of social control

A

internal and external social control

67
Q

what is internal social control

A

The most important according to foucault . Regulate people through socialization and shapes people’s mind so they come to regard deviant actions as underiable ex: why an individual don’t cross the red light in the middle night where there was no one

68
Q

what is external social control

A

regulates people by imposing punishments and offering rewards. ex: getting kicked out of university

69
Q

what is panopticon

A

it is a circular prison with a tower in the middle that allows inmates to be constantly observed without their knowledge. Foucault believed society is centered around panopticons, so your behavior will be controlled

70
Q

what is the medicalization of deviance

A
  • what has been defined as “badness” is defined as “sickness”. ex: ADHD
  • what used to be regarded as willful deviance is now often regarded as involuntary deviance
  • as the definition of deviance change, deviance is increasingly under the sway of medical and psychiatric establishment
71
Q

what is the rationales of incarnation

A
  1. opportunity for rehabilitation: least possible reason. The reasoning is drug therapy and education are offered in prison
  2. deterrence: the act of discouraging an action ex: scaring others that prison is a bad place to disencourage from going
  3. revenge for illegal acts
  4. incapation: an individual can no longer commit that affect the society
72
Q

what is capital punishment

A

the “super” form of deterrence. An individual knowing they will face a death penalty will make them less likely to commit a crime

73
Q

What are alternative strategies

A

suggested there are two main reforms to our current prison regime. which are recidivism rates can be reduced through programs such as educational and job training, therapy, substance abuse, counselling and behavior modification. The second way to attempts to reduce the number of people going to prison to avoid them from becoming a strong and dangerous criminal

74
Q

What has the creation of global village led to

A
  1. the world has shrunk as we are more connected
  2. we have the internet
  3. fewer countries require
  4. easier access to funds
  5. spread of north american-style supermarkets and franchises
  6. increase in use of english
75
Q

when does globalization occur

A

globalization occurs as people become increasingly aware of and depend on one another. due to these we have the benefit of rapid movement of capital commodities, cultures and people across national boundaries

76
Q

what is the disadvantages of globalization

A

since we are very interconnected, a disaster in one country can affect many other countries. Also globalization contributes to the richer getting richer and the poorer only moving up the ladder by a little bit
it can hurt local culture and the natural environment

77
Q

what is global commodity chain

A

it is a worldwide network of labour and production processes whose end results is a finished commodity

78
Q

what makes global commodity chain faster and possible

A
  1. changes in transportation has made global commodities possible and faster, improving more intense cultural interaction
  2. politics: important in determining the level of globalization. politically isolated countries have less integration with the rest of the world
  3. economic: industrial capitalism is always seeking new markets, higher profits and lower labour cost. capitalist competition has been the major spur to international integration
79
Q

how has the internet contributes the global digital network

A

The internet has allowed global digital network to form new os cultural production and exchange making the world “smaller”, instantaneous, some argued the free access to information will mean an increase in liberalism

80
Q

what is transnational corporation

A

multinational or international corporation. These are large businesses with head offices in rich countries

81
Q

What are the five way transnational corporation differ from traditional corporation

A
  1. depend increasingly on foreign labour and foreign production
  2. increasingly emphasizes skills and advances in design
  3. depend increasingly on world market. ex: entertainment: Disney has more money nationally than domestically
  4. depend increasingly on massive adversity campaign
  5. are increasingly autonomous from the national government because they are so big
82
Q

what is Mcdonaldization

A

Americans branch off their ideas, a form of rationalization because they are effective since they follow the same method (predictability) and calculability

83
Q

what is glocalization

A

The simultaneous homogenization of some aspects of life and strengthening of some local differences under the impact of globalization.
ex: when mcdonald move into a country, they bring the same thing (burger) while tailoring the slightly according to the popular items in the country

84
Q

what is regionalization

A

the world is divided and competes economically, politically and culturally
ex: EU (european creating a uniform union and try to compete with the rest of the world

85
Q

what are the stat of global poverty

A

since 1990 more than a billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty
however extreme poverty has dropped, for the first time the majority of humankind is no longer poor or vulnerable

86
Q

what are the stand among anti globalization

A

They can be extremely violent or nonviolent
some reject only what they regard as the excesses of globalization; others reject globalization in its entirety

87
Q

what are the first version of globalization

A

There are different versions of the history of globalization. this version states globalization is a recent phenomenon. globalization is dated from the spread of global awareness and skepticism about the benefit of modernization

88
Q

what is the other version of globalization

A

This version states globalization is the result of industrialization and modernization which picked up pace in the late nineteenth century and that occurred

89
Q

what is the ancient version of globalization

A

this version states globalization is as old as civilization and believe globalization is the cause of modernization rather than the other way around

90
Q

what is the critic of globalization

A

there is a dramatic gap between the rich and the poor at the global level as it has made the rich richer while solving the problem of the poor
The UN calls the level of inequality worldwide “grotesque”

91
Q

what is the functionalist approach to globalization

A

states the economic underdeveloped hasn’t done the things the western countries did to be economically developed. The western attributes includes values, business practices, level of investment capital and stable government
ex: japan following the method of western attributes causing them to develop economically

92
Q

what is the conflict theory approach to globalization

A

states the economic underdeveloped is the results of exploitative relations between the rich and the poor

93
Q

what is the modernization theory approach to what caused poverty

A

They state poverty is due to
1. lack capital to invest in western style agriculture and industry
2. lack rational, western styles business techniques of marking, accounting, sales and finance
3. lack western styles stable government that could provide secure environment for investment
4. lack western mentality that emphasizes need for saving, investment, innovation, education, high achievement, self-control in having children

94
Q

according to the modernization theory what is the solution to poverty

A
  • transfer of capital and western cultural values
  • government-to-government foreign aid
  • direct investment by western business
  • trade between rich and poor countries
95
Q

what is the dependency theory to what caused poverty

A
  • related to conflict theory and marx
    states poverty is due to powerful countries exploitativing and colonizing others
    following the world war 2, nearly all colonies in the world became politically independent
96
Q

what are the new means of exploitation

A
  • substantial foreign investment
  • support for authoritarian government
  • mounting debt
97
Q

what is core capitalist countries

A

major sources of technology and capital in the world ex: Canada, australia, russia before the war

98
Q

what is peripheral capitalist countries

A

major source of raw materials and cheap labour ex: bandglash, vietnam

99
Q

what is semi peripheral capitalist countries

A

former colonies that are making considerable headway in attempts to industrialize

100
Q

what are the four ways prospering semi peripheral countries differs from poorer peripheral countries

A
  1. types of colonialism
  2. geopolitical position
  3. states policy
  4. social structure
101
Q

what are the concepts of dividing the world into three tiers

A

Immanuel Wallerstein – capitalist development resulted in a “world system” comprising three tiers:

102
Q

what is social diversion

A

there are no consequences, you might just get a little side eyes
ex: having purple hair in canada today

103
Q

what is social deviation

A

will face some pushback but nothing too serious. which are not illegal in themselves but are widely regarded as serious or harmful. ex: wearing long hair in some high school in the 1960s

104
Q

what is conflict crime

A

faced more pushback but it is not socially agreed it is wrong
ex: prostitution, smoking marijuana

105
Q

what is consensus crime

A

A person who goes against the majority agreement in values, norms, and behaviors is considered deviant. ex: having a weird relationship with kids

YEAR 2 (14 decks)

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