Sociology 101 midterm 2 Flashcards
what are the consequences of social isolation in childhood
Based on the studies of Victor, it is seen he never mastered speech and cannot develop an emotional bond with others apart from his caregiver.
It is important for children to have exposure to caring and loving humans during the first few months of life. And if this period is missed it can’t be undone. In essence socialization is a time bound process
what is socialization
it is the process by which people learn to function in social life and become aware of themselves as they interact with others
This involves:
1. entering and disengaging from a succession of roles
2. becoming aware of themselves as they interact with other
how is the formation of self done
In infants continued social interaction enables them to begin developing a self-image or sense of self. We are not born with a sense of self
What is self
It consists of your ideas and attitudes about who you are as an independent being
who is sigmund freud
he proposed the first social-scientific interpretation of the process by which the self emerges
he argued that only social interaction allows the self to emerge. He believed children develop a sense of appropriate behavior and a moral sense of right and wrong as a result of learning self- control. To civilize others you must put boundaries, like where you can poop or not
who is charles horton cooley
He believed that self is developed through the process of “looking-glass self” In essence we interact others and we then judge how others evaluate us, and from theses judgement we developed a self-concept or set of feelings and ideas about who we are
In this concept, the mirror is others. ex: when babies do something and others laugh. they will believe they are funny
who is george herbert mead
In the process of developing self, he proposed the “I” and “Me” self
The “I” self is the subjective and impulsive aspect of the self that is present in birth. The part that wants things
The “me” self is the objective component of the self that emerges as people communicate symbolically and learn to take the role of the other
what is george herbert mead four stage of development
- Imitation: example would be babies babbling to imitate talking, babies shouting when they are angry
- Pretending: examples would be playing doctor, teacher and more. they pretend as they take on roles
- playing complex games: when they take on various roles at the same thing
- developing a sense of cultural standard: image of the generalized others
are people potential shaped by the history they lives through
yes
what is a life course
The distinct phase of life in which people pass. The stages vary from one depending from society and historical period
does part of history you live through help shape your life
yes it does, this can be seen in how before children were considered small adults. However the idea of childhood has emerged when and where it did because of social necessity and social accessibility. Now teens are seen as teens which relieve them of their adult responsibilities
what is rites of passage
there are cultural ceremonies that signifies the passage from one phase of life to another or from life to death
There are three phrases:
1. Separation : birth, leaving home, death, marriage
2. transition: learning the appropriate behavior for a new phase of life
3. Incorporation: admitted into a new role
what is age cohort
it is the category of people born in the same range of year
ex: looking at people born between the years 2000 and 2010
what is age norm
the expectation and norms of people in different age cohorts
what is generation cohort
it is an age cohort that shares unique formative experiences during the first few decades of their life. This helps to shape their collective identity and values. generation are most likely to form during times of rapid social change
what are the generation cohorts in canadian generation
- Greatest generation
- came to age around the great depression
- experienced and fought in World War 2
- due to struggles they faced they are highly resilient, dedicated to their country, and frugal - Silent generation
- known as the lucky generation because they didn’t experience World War 2 and experienced economic boom
- associated with lots of civil right movement such the gay right movement and the feminist liberation
-experienced tv and radio in their later life - Baby boomer
- they are influential since they helped shape canada
- experienced vietnam war, trudeaumania, canada centenary, popular music (bettles, rolling stones..) - Generation X
- faced the worst economic outcome
- difficulties facing jobs since baby boomers kept holding on to the jobs - Millennial
- first generation to come of age in the twenties century
- experienced internet but still know how life was before internet
- largest living generation
- more ethically and diverse
what is the view of functionalism on socialization
think it maintains orderly social relation
what are the view of conflict theory and feminist on socialization
they believe it reproduce conflict and oppression
what are the view of symbolic interactionists on socialization
highlights the creativity of individuals in attaching meaning to their social surroundings. people can transcend their socialization and take how they were socialized because they were shaped by society but also reinterpret the norms of society to reshape it
how is a person’s social environment constitute
they are constituted and influenced by the real or imagined others
what is Adaptation in relation to socialization
individuals adapting their behavior to gain environment cooperation for the satisfaction of need and interest
ex: a student being a good student to get a recommendation letter
where do we get our socialization: families
they are the most important agents of socialization because we are mostly spending time with them and they are most enduring you can’t change them. Your adulthood largely corresponds with how you were shaped in your childhood
where do we get our socialization: school
The school is responsible for secondary socialization. Important since we spend about 17 or more years. School has a hidden curriculum, that teaches obedience and conformity to cultural norms. Argument from critical race theory and feminist scholar suggest the hidden curriculum is wrong for racial minority and whiteness is taught
what is thomas theorem
It is when we treat a situation, they will become real in their consequence
ex: the borders we treat are not actually real but we treat them like they are real. concept of symbolic interactionism
what is self-fulfilling prophecy
when an expectation helps bring about the prediction
ex: if a student tells themselves they are going to fail an exam, they won’t study producing a bad score. so the prediction will match the expectation
what is peer group
peer groups help young people integrate into the larger society. It is with people with similar age and status
what is status
recognized social position an individual can occupy
what is the feminist approach to the mass media
Since feminist believe the media shape our ideas around gender, they should have better representation because they are very influential
what is resocialization
when people socialize it can be overridden. So an individual is completely removed from their previous social environment and placed in a new one
ex: cult and prison
what is initiation rite
it is a ritual that signifies the transition of the individual from one group to another. And also ensure his or her loyalty to the new group
what is the process of initiation rite
- ritual rejection
- ritual death
- ritual rebirth
what is total institution
it is a setting where people are under strict control and supervision
ex: prision
anticipatory socialization
Taking on norms and roles to which we aspire . this can help us to learn the new roles
ex: dressing for a job you want
what is the contribution of the flexibility of self
Globalization and the growing ability to fashion new bodies from old. As self is flexible, it is not constant from childhood
what is the contribution of digital technologies in socialization
it is another way people are socialized. it allows us to reshape our norms and values, also draw our norms and values from other racial groups and gender
what is deviance
deviance violates social norms and it is relatives meaning what others view as seriously wrong, might not be so bad to you
what is crime
it is deviance that breaks a law
what are the punishment when some commit a serious act of deviance
an individual can face informal or formal punishment
informal punishment is a mild sanction. ex: getting punished for cheating on a test in university
formal punishment is a serious as it take place in the judicial system for breaking a law
what are the criteria that vary in deviance and crime
- severity of the social response
- perceived harmfulness
- degree of public agreement
what is uniform crime report
it is police reported crime statistics. it has two main shortcomings which are crimes are not reports because they are victimless (both parties are willing consenting) and crimes are ignored (since police think they have lower severity)
what is self-report survey in crime
asking respondents to report their involvement in criminal activities wither as perpetrator or as a victim
what is a victimization survey
asking people if they were victims of crime
what is the explanation for the decline in crime
- better trained enforcement
- decline in the number of young people (young men)
- legalization of abortion
- economic boom
- lead. it impairs people neurocognitive function and development
what are the contribution of the overrepresentation of racial group in prison
- poverty
- tend to commit more visible street crimes unlike white collar. ex: selling drug, breaking and entering, mugging, this are considered street crimes so they happen in public places. White collar crimes are done by people with white collar jobs ex: embezzlement, internet fraud, copyright infringement, hacking
- discrimination by criminal justice system. There is more police attention to minority neighbourhoods and the court tends to sentence people of minority background at higher rates and longer sentences
- weakened social control over community member due to western culture’s disruption of social life in indigenous communities through like intergenerational trauma from the residential school and more
is deviant behavior learned and how is it fixed
yes deviant behavior is learned. identifying the social circumstance , so you can disrupt the social circumstance promoting the learning of deviant and criminal roles is a traditional focus of symbolic interactionists
why is prison not recommend for young people and first-time criminal
Learning any deviant or criminal role requires a social context in which experiences deviant or criminal teach novices the tricks of the trade. Prison is known as the university of deviant because they have more exposure to experienced deviant and criminal increases the chances that an individual will come to value a deviant or criminal lifestyles and consider it normal
what is labelling theory
Any behavior society views deviance would be considered deviant. what is considered deviant can change over time ex: before being gay was considered deviant but not anymore
what is the focus of symbolic interactionism in relation to deviant
They focus on the learning and labelling of deviant and criminal roles
what is the focus of functionalist in relation to deviant
They focus on the social dysfunction resulting from deviant and criminal behavior
what was durkheim controversial claim of deviance
He believed deviance and crime are beneficial for society. He believes when someone breaks a rule, it gives people the chance to condemn and punish, remind people of their common values, clarifies the moral boundaries and reinforces social solidarity. This will result in positive social change. He believes most people aren’t aware of boundaries until someone breaks and makes everyone aware of the boundaries
what is the strain theory
People turn to deviance when they experience strain. when there are social expectation an individual has and when it doesn’t happen, they experience a strain which is disconnection between their expectation and their reality.
ex: someone thinks they will become wealthy and then when they don’t, they might commit a crime
what is the Merton strain theory of deviance
- cultural goal
- instituionalized means
- conformity
- innovation
- ritualism
- retreatism
- rebellion
what is cultural goals
what does the culture tell an individual how they should live their life (how to have a good life) . ex: have material success, romantic partners. You can either reject or accept it
what is institutionalized means
what are the life patterns you should follow. Are you going about the “right” way ex: going to university if you want good education to get a good job to eventually have lots of money
you can either reject or accept it
what is conformity
accepting the cultural goal and institutionalized means
what is innovation
accept the cultural goal and reject institutionalized means. ex: Bill Gates, he dropped out of uni and created his company and became rich. another example would be criminal want the cultural goal of wealth, and more, instead of them following the institutionalized means they goes about the wrong way
what is ritualism
reject the cultural goal and accept the institutionalized means. An individual is going through the motion by doing the right way, they have given up on the cultural goal of wealth and more. ex: working on michaels with no main goal
what is retreatism
reject both the cultural goal and institulized means
ex: young men living in his mom basement which they have no als and pursuit of a meaningful life
what is rebellion
having a new goal and new means
what is deviant subculture
deviant may depart from the mainstream culture, however there are strict conformists (death or worse) when it comes to the norms of their own subculture
what can be found in criminal subculture
- denying personal responsibility for action
- denying the wrongfulness of the act
- denounce those who pass judgement on them
- victims get what they deserve especially when they are rich
- appealing to higher loyalties in their group
what is the conflict theory criticism of functionalist
conflict theorists believe functionalists exaggerate the connection between crime and class. Also they state there is a weak association between the lower class and performing crime as functionalists tend to associate crime to the lower class as their poverty causes them to commit crime
what is the conflict theorist argument
The powerful and wealthy write the laws so they impose deviant and criminal labels on other. This tend to be against the people of colour
The rich and powerful are usually able to use their money and influence to escape punishment for their own misdeed
Since power is commonly used to perpetuate privilege, so the members of privilege classes use their power to avoid being defined as criminal and if so defined from suffering serious consequence
what is the control theory
it is the reward of deviance and crime are plentiful so people will likely to commit crime if they could
what are the four types of social control theory
- social attachment to responsible role model: we have people we care about and their opinion matter. we don’t commit crime because don’t want to ruin the relationship we have
- legitimate opportunities for education and a good job: we don’t want to ruin our opportunities for education and good job
- involvement in conventional institutions: whether it is clubs, temples, church and more and our involvement with these institutions with be affected if commit deviant crime
- beliefs in traditional values and money: our belief hold us in place and if we commit deviant we will jeopardize our beliefs
what is social control
it is the way in which a social system attempts to regulate people’s thoughts, feelings , appearances and behavior. we have multiple social control from our families, institutions and more
what are the two types of social control
internal and external social control
what is internal social control
The most important according to foucault . Regulate people through socialization and shapes people’s mind so they come to regard deviant actions as underiable ex: why an individual don’t cross the red light in the middle night where there was no one
what is external social control
regulates people by imposing punishments and offering rewards. ex: getting kicked out of university
what is panopticon
it is a circular prison with a tower in the middle that allows inmates to be constantly observed without their knowledge. Foucault believed society is centered around panopticons, so your behavior will be controlled
what is the medicalization of deviance
- what has been defined as “badness” is defined as “sickness”. ex: ADHD
- what used to be regarded as willful deviance is now often regarded as involuntary deviance
- as the definition of deviance change, deviance is increasingly under the sway of medical and psychiatric establishment
what is the rationales of incarnation
- opportunity for rehabilitation: least possible reason. The reasoning is drug therapy and education are offered in prison
- deterrence: the act of discouraging an action ex: scaring others that prison is a bad place to disencourage from going
- revenge for illegal acts
- incapation: an individual can no longer commit that affect the society
what is capital punishment
the “super” form of deterrence. An individual knowing they will face a death penalty will make them less likely to commit a crime
What are alternative strategies
suggested there are two main reforms to our current prison regime. which are recidivism rates can be reduced through programs such as educational and job training, therapy, substance abuse, counselling and behavior modification. The second way to attempts to reduce the number of people going to prison to avoid them from becoming a strong and dangerous criminal
What has the creation of global village led to
- the world has shrunk as we are more connected
- we have the internet
- fewer countries require
- easier access to funds
- spread of north american-style supermarkets and franchises
- increase in use of english
when does globalization occur
globalization occurs as people become increasingly aware of and depend on one another. due to these we have the benefit of rapid movement of capital commodities, cultures and people across national boundaries
what is the disadvantages of globalization
since we are very interconnected, a disaster in one country can affect many other countries. Also globalization contributes to the richer getting richer and the poorer only moving up the ladder by a little bit
it can hurt local culture and the natural environment
what is global commodity chain
it is a worldwide network of labour and production processes whose end results is a finished commodity
what makes global commodity chain faster and possible
- changes in transportation has made global commodities possible and faster, improving more intense cultural interaction
- politics: important in determining the level of globalization. politically isolated countries have less integration with the rest of the world
- economic: industrial capitalism is always seeking new markets, higher profits and lower labour cost. capitalist competition has been the major spur to international integration
how has the internet contributes the global digital network
The internet has allowed global digital network to form new os cultural production and exchange making the world “smaller”, instantaneous, some argued the free access to information will mean an increase in liberalism
what is transnational corporation
multinational or international corporation. These are large businesses with head offices in rich countries
What are the five way transnational corporation differ from traditional corporation
- depend increasingly on foreign labour and foreign production
- increasingly emphasizes skills and advances in design
- depend increasingly on world market. ex: entertainment: Disney has more money nationally than domestically
- depend increasingly on massive adversity campaign
- are increasingly autonomous from the national government because they are so big
what is Mcdonaldization
Americans branch off their ideas, a form of rationalization because they are effective since they follow the same method (predictability) and calculability
what is glocalization
The simultaneous homogenization of some aspects of life and strengthening of some local differences under the impact of globalization.
ex: when mcdonald move into a country, they bring the same thing (burger) while tailoring the slightly according to the popular items in the country
what is regionalization
the world is divided and competes economically, politically and culturally
ex: EU (european creating a uniform union and try to compete with the rest of the world
what are the stat of global poverty
since 1990 more than a billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty
however extreme poverty has dropped, for the first time the majority of humankind is no longer poor or vulnerable
what are the stand among anti globalization
They can be extremely violent or nonviolent
some reject only what they regard as the excesses of globalization; others reject globalization in its entirety
what are the first version of globalization
There are different versions of the history of globalization. this version states globalization is a recent phenomenon. globalization is dated from the spread of global awareness and skepticism about the benefit of modernization
what is the other version of globalization
This version states globalization is the result of industrialization and modernization which picked up pace in the late nineteenth century and that occurred
what is the ancient version of globalization
this version states globalization is as old as civilization and believe globalization is the cause of modernization rather than the other way around
what is the critic of globalization
there is a dramatic gap between the rich and the poor at the global level as it has made the rich richer while solving the problem of the poor
The UN calls the level of inequality worldwide “grotesque”
what is the functionalist approach to globalization
states the economic underdeveloped hasn’t done the things the western countries did to be economically developed. The western attributes includes values, business practices, level of investment capital and stable government
ex: japan following the method of western attributes causing them to develop economically
what is the conflict theory approach to globalization
states the economic underdeveloped is the results of exploitative relations between the rich and the poor
what is the modernization theory approach to what caused poverty
They state poverty is due to
1. lack capital to invest in western style agriculture and industry
2. lack rational, western styles business techniques of marking, accounting, sales and finance
3. lack western styles stable government that could provide secure environment for investment
4. lack western mentality that emphasizes need for saving, investment, innovation, education, high achievement, self-control in having children
according to the modernization theory what is the solution to poverty
- transfer of capital and western cultural values
- government-to-government foreign aid
- direct investment by western business
- trade between rich and poor countries
what is the dependency theory to what caused poverty
- related to conflict theory and marx
states poverty is due to powerful countries exploitativing and colonizing others
following the world war 2, nearly all colonies in the world became politically independent
what are the new means of exploitation
- substantial foreign investment
- support for authoritarian government
- mounting debt
what is core capitalist countries
major sources of technology and capital in the world ex: Canada, australia, russia before the war
what is peripheral capitalist countries
major source of raw materials and cheap labour ex: bandglash, vietnam
what is semi peripheral capitalist countries
former colonies that are making considerable headway in attempts to industrialize
what are the four ways prospering semi peripheral countries differs from poorer peripheral countries
- types of colonialism
- geopolitical position
- states policy
- social structure
what are the concepts of dividing the world into three tiers
Immanuel Wallerstein – capitalist development resulted in a “world system” comprising three tiers:
what is social diversion
there are no consequences, you might just get a little side eyes
ex: having purple hair in canada today
what is social deviation
will face some pushback but nothing too serious. which are not illegal in themselves but are widely regarded as serious or harmful. ex: wearing long hair in some high school in the 1960s
what is conflict crime
faced more pushback but it is not socially agreed it is wrong
ex: prostitution, smoking marijuana
what is consensus crime
A person who goes against the majority agreement in values, norms, and behaviors is considered deviant. ex: having a weird relationship with kids
