BIOL 207 Flashcards
What is Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, gene variation
What is gene
The basic unit of heredity. It is a sequence of DNA that codes for protein, located on chromosomes
What is an allele
An allele is one of 2 or more version of a gene
what is a genome
it is the entire genetic material in a cell. (can include mitochondria, chloroplast, plasmid DNA, gene, non-coding DNA regions)
What are the division of genetics
- Transmission genetics
- Molecular genetics
- Population genetics
What is Transmission genetics
It is the basic principle of heredity. It explains how a trait is passed from one generation to another. It focuses on an individual organism
What is molecular genetics
It is the chemical nature of the gene.How genetic information is replicated, encoded and expressed. It focuses on the gene structure, organization and function
what is population genetics
It is the genetic composition of a population. Looks at how genetic composition changes geographically.
What is the difference between genes and traits
gene is inherited while traits are not directly inherited
What are the characteristics of a trait
Trait is an observable characteristics. A result of gene and environmental influences
Why is the coding system the same in all living organism
It is believed that all organisms evolved from a common ancestor resulting in the same coding system for genetic information in all living organisms
What is model genetic organisms
it is organisms with characteristics that make for a good genetic analysis subject
What are some characteristics of model organism
- short generation time
- can be easily gathered to the lab
- accumulated genetic knowledge in their genetic system
- numerous descendant
- many genetic variants
Why is genetic important
It is important in an individual and society manner. In an individual manner, it impacts our traits, who we are and susceptibility to disease/disorder. In a society manner it can be used in engineering food products, drug development and study of biology
What is pangenesis
It is when each part of the body contains genetic information for only that particular part. Which is an incorrect theory
What is gemmules
It is carrying info from parts of the body to the reproductive organs through the blood
Describe Inheritance of acquired characteristics
It is when traits acquired are incorporated into the hereditary information and passed onto the offspring. Jean-Baptiste Lamark endorsed this theory. A downside is its disregard for the role of environmental influence, early development and diligent practice ability
Describe Pre-formationism
It is the theory that a fully formed miniature adult is inside the egg or sperm. The miniature adult is enlarged over the course of development. This theory includes the idea of offering inherited heritable traits (gene) only from mother or father. Its disregard the observation of traits due to the mixture of traits from both parents
Describe blending inheritance
It is traits of offspring due to the mixtures of parents traits
How was the theory of Inheritance of acquired characteristics disproved
August Weisman conducted an experiment when he cut mice tails over 22 generations. In the course of the mice generation, the mice tails didn’t alter (genetically). Instead the Germ-plasm theory was proposed. The Germ-plasm theory is cells in reproductive organs carry a completes set of genetic info
Who and what laid the foundation for the modern understanding of heredity
Gregor Mendel examination of pea plant (mixing different traits of pea plant to see the development of traits in the offspring. It can be described as the “Basic Principle of Heredity”
What are the rules of heredity
- The law of independent sergeration
- The law of independent assortment
- The law of dominance
What is the law of independent segreation
It is when each individual carries 2 copies of a inherited trait which can separate equally in the following generation
what is the law of independent assortment
different inherited traits are sorted independently of one another. In other word, alleles on different chromosomes are distributed randomly to individual gametes
what is the law of dominance
it is when in a trait one allele is dominant and appears in a 3:1 ratio. This is the introduction of dominant and recessive gene
What are Charles Darwin ideas relating to genetics
- traits can be inherited
- variation of traits within the population
3.offspring with advantageous traits will have a higher probability of survival - theory of evolution though natural selection
What is the downside of Charles Darwin idea
He lacked the understanding of heredity. He wasn’t aware of Gregory Mendel work’s so he couldn’t incorporate his theory
where does the insight into the transmission/ inheritance of traits comes from
The insight into the transmission of traits comes from the advancement in the study of cells (cytology)
What is the cell theory
The scientist involved were Schleiden and Schwann.
1. A cell is the fundamental unit of structure
2. new cells come from pre-existing cell
3. all life is composed of cells
Order of the discovering of nucleus and chromosome
- Robert described the cell nucleus
- The discovery of chromosome/mitosis
- aware of reproductive cells carried heredity info in their nuclei
who and what surrounding the discovery of genes on chromosomes
Who: Theodor boveri and Walter Sutton
What: sperm + egg contributes the same number of chromosomes. The behaviour of chromosomes during cell division can explain Mendel Law of inheritance . The Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory is located on chromosomes
What are the contribution of Thomas Hunt Morgan
He published Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity. He linked the heritable of eye color to X sex chromosome. There are discrete pairs of factors located on chromosome bear hereditary information. The link from traits to chromosome confirmed the Mendel law of inheritance and B&S chromosome theory
What is the future of genetics
It will make way for the development of various treatment for disease
The advancement in genetics that have impacted society today
- Animal model manipulation has expanded our understanding of human disease
- Genetic testing has brought attention to our legislation on individual biological privacy
- Industrial services have decreased their environmental footprint to decrease harmful by product of oil production
what are the action belonging to genetics
- study individual gene function
- control gene function
what are the action belonging to genomics
- study many gene
- sequence genomes of organism
- observe mutant effects across the genome
what are the action belonging to genetics and genomics
study DNA
What statement describe the central dogma of biology
DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into amino acid sequence
Given the observation of a family, identity the best supported conclusion about genetic versus environmental trait determination
Identical twins separated at birth and raised in different parts of the country both have a severe form of asthma that neither biological parent has. Conclusion: genetic factor caused the asthma
What genetic concepts that were discovered before the year 1900
- Theory of natural selection
- Theory of principles of heredity
Describe a genome
the collection of genetic material in a cell or organism
Which practices in agriculture and animal domestication demonstrates a rudimentary understanding of heredity and genetics
- Farmers planted seeds from trees that produced the largest, sweetest fruits and not from trees that produced the smallest or inedible fruits
- primitive societies were most likely to kill wolves that were too aggressive and keep the less aggressive ones as pets and hunting companions
- Nomads selected the sheep with the highest-quality wool for breeding
what must genetic material be able to do
- contain a large amount of information
- replicate faithfully
- encode the phenotypes
- have the capacity to vary
what was discovered inside the cell nucleus
the nuclein was found inside which was later renamed into nucleic acid
what did Johann Friedrich Miescher think about the role of nuclein
he believed that proteins were the substance that carries hereditary information
what is the tetranucleotide hypothesis
This is the incorrect proposition that DNA is made up of an equal amount of A,C,T,G. In other words, Levene proposed DNA of the repeating sequence of four nucleotides
what are the evidence disagreeing with the claim that Rosaline didn’t understand the x-ray data
- she describes the structure of DNA as a double helix
- She describes the implication of the complementary nucleotides base pairing for replication
- she describes the variable sequence of DNA nucleotides allowing for coding of complex genetic information
what are the characteristics of DNA
- complementary bases
- made of two nucleotide polymer strands that run antiparallel
- phosphate sugar backbone to the outside
- The base pair are together by hydrogen bonds because it allows for separation and it is flexible
- the sequence of bases are free to vary
what are the exception to the central dogma
- major information pathway: info is transferred from one DNA to another
- special information pathway: info is transferred from RNA to DNA or to other RNA molecule
what are the difference between RNA and DNA
unlike DNA, RNA molecule are capable of specific enzymatic activity. Also RNA can be both genetic material and as well as catalyze reaction
does RNA polymerase does not require a prime to start synthesize
yes, RNA polymerase does not require primer to start synthesizes
what are the three proposed model of DNA replication
- conservative replication
- dispersive replication
- semi-conservative replication
what are the major step in DNA replication
- Initiation
- Unwinding
- Engloation
- Termination
