PSYCH 241 Flashcards
what is social psychology
it is the scientific study of individuals thoughts, feeling, and behavior influenced by the real or imagined presence of others
what is the ABC’s of social psychology
A: Affect (feeling)
B: Behavior (action)
C: Cognition (thought)
What are the pillar of psychology
- Psychoanalysis
- Behaviorism
- Humanism
People contributing to social psychology
- Copernicus: 1st insult to dignity -> humans and earth are not in the centre of the universe
- Darwin: 2nd Insult to dignity -> we are descendants of primates. we are made in the image of animals not god
- Freud: 3rd insult to dignity -> humans are driven by animalistic need
What are the three component of personality
According to Freud, the three components of personality are Id, Ego, Superego
Id: unconscious. driven by pleasure and it is the primary component of personality. it is our animalistic side
Ego: governed by reality. it is present in the conscious, unconscious, preconscious.The balance between superego and id
Superego: govern our moral and ideals. entails by parents, society, and caregiver
Who is Carl Jung
There might be some overlap in his studies and Freud’s since they have a close relationship. Freud thought of Jung as his successor to psychoanalysts. However some disagreement rose in their belief in Libido collective unconscious , valence personality. Their disagreement is from Jung thinking Freud negative perspective on who an individual can be
What is Jung belief
he believes we have persona. We wear masks to conceal our true person. we have an expression of collective compromise (archetypes ) . We compromise our true identity by putting on masks according to social signals, meaning how people view us is how they will act toward them. We put on a mask according to the social signal given
what are characteristics of behaviorism
- no focus on the unconscious
- rather looks at observable behavior
- believes psychology can have a place in natural science. It can use hypothesis testing, experimental method, objective method
Who is Ivan Pavlov
He looked at animals, he noticed that the dog salivated before the food was received leading to the discovering of “classical conditioning”. Classical conditioning is the learning process where two stimuli
who is John B Watson
He used the scientific side of psychology. He believes the environment is more important than the person. Also he believes their environment is important in the development
What is humanistic psychology
We are aware of existence , because of their awareness they have free will. We are entirely good. If given the opportunity we will move toward authentic however the world makes people bad
Who is Abraham Maslow
He is the founder of humanistic psychology. He studied the “best” people. He developed the hierarchy of needs” leading to self-actualization (which only 1% of the population can reach)
What is the Hierarchy of Need
In this order:
- self actualization
- self-esteem
- love and belonging
- safety and security
- physiology needs
What is the power of situation
Milgard was disturbed by the holocaust. So he wanted to understand what led people to do this. He conducted an experiment to show “obedience to authority”
what is Asch experiment
It is an experiment of conformity. Whether people will conform, just to satisfy the majority
What are the core assumption of social psychology
- Interaction view: not all situations explain a behavior
- behavior is constructed by reality.The ABC’s informed us about others and ourselves
- behavior is shaped by social cognition
- behavior is best measured using scientific method
What are the 5 main perspective of psychology
- Neuroscience
- Existential
3.Cognition - Evolutionary
5.Cultural
What makes a good theory
A good theory should be organized and expain an observation while leading to further research.
What is conceptual variable
A conceptually topic
What is self report
One of the tool used to collect data
Ask an individual to give an answer about their thought, behavior and emotion
The best way to collect data
The benefit of self report is it is cheap, simple
The cons of self report is it is not accurate and possible bias answer
What is operational variable
measure or manipulate the conceptual variable
Reason why people can’t introspect
- they are not aware of the stimuli that elicit a response
- unaware of a response
- unaware of a stimulus-response relationship
what is behavior is relate to data
Looks at observable actions
The benefit is it fixes some of the problems of self report
Also it is easy to operationalize
It can have real consequences (meaning there are results for the behavior)
The con is behavior changes all the time so the data result will not be consistent and it is altruism
what is reaction times
It is used in social research. It provides access to unconscious or automatic process
what is biological measure in relation to data
Looks at the body and brain to indicate differences in psychological processes. The brain and body(structural&functional). The popular method are MRI and EEG
what is virtual reality in relation to data
Using virtual worlds and stimulation to engage. The benefit is it allows for participants to engage in activities difficult to reproduce in the real world
The cons are it is difficult to set up and analyze. Also it is expensive
what is validity
Does it measure what it is suppose to measure
what is reliability
does it measure the same thing
What are the different types of validity
- Construct validity
- Convergent validity
- Discriminant validity
- Predictive Validity
what is construct validity
how well does the measure test the target concept
what is convergent validity
how well the measure is associated with other close related measure
what is discriminant validity
how well does the measure is not associated with unrelated measure
what is predictive measure
measures of the same construct performed in the future
what is Random Assignment
Randomly assigned groups, its eliminate problems with comparing groups in the experimental and control group. So the only difference is the manipulation
what is experimental research
manipulates independent variable to see if it affect the dependent variable
what are the three types of experimental validity
- Internal validity: whether changes in the independent variable
- Construct validity: whether the independent variable is a good representation of theoretical construct
- External validity: results are generalized to other labs
what is evolution
due to traits varying among individuals. Depending on the adaptation of the traits, it will lead to an increase of survival increasing the likelihood of reproduction. Theses traits are inherited
what is evolutionary psychology
attempts to explain the pattern of behavior in humans due to adaption increasing survival, leading to increase the chance to pass on genes
what are one of the survival instinct we have
there is an increase of sensitivity to aversive stimuli. example would be jumping when you see a snake
what are the general adaptation of survival
- Domain-specific adaptation; adaptation useful in a specific challenge not in various challenges
- Domain-general adaptation: adaptation is useful in various challenge
what are the four domain general adaptations that shape human behavior
- Humans are social being
- Humans are Intelligent being
- Humans are motivated and goal oriented
- Humans are emotional being
what is hedonism
it is human preference for pleasure over pain
what is approach motivation
- drive toward a positive stimuli
- less sensitive to negative stimuli
- growth motive
- kept by positive affect like excitement
- associated with the dopamine pathway and the left prefrontal cortex
what is avoidance motivation
- drive toward a negative stimuli
- less sensitive to positive stimuli
- security motivie
- key by negative affect like anxiety
- associated with the serotonin system and right prefrontal cortex
what is alexithymia
when an individual is low in emotional intelligence. They are unable to express and understand emotions so they are prone to apathy and depression. They are not good at questionnaires. The brain area associated with this illness is ACC (Anterior Cingulate Cortex). There is a decrease volume and activity in ACC
what are the two function of external display of emotions
- They are used for communication. communicate fear through amygdala. The amygdala is important in rapidly processing threat and fer related stimuli
- They are used for sensory change
what are primary emotion
They are universal. Examples would be happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, anger, surprise
what are secondary emotion
It is a variation of the primary emotion. it include social emotions such as guilt guilt and jealousy
How does social emotion regulate behavior
- draw attention to inappropriate behavior
- reinforce appropriate behavior
- help repair disrupted social relationship
how does cognition influences emotions
Stimulus -> primary appraisal process -> secondary appraisal process -> emotional experiences
how does emotions influences cognition
positive mood = positive judgement and interpretation
negative mood = negative judgement and interpretation
The primary and secondary emotions influence attention, memory and interpretation
what is culture
Culture is a set of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms, morals, customs, roles, stauats, symbols, and rituals shared by a self-identified group, a group whose members think of themselves as a group
what is beliefs within a culture
it is an accepted idea about some aspect of reality. cultural truism is a proposition accepted by most members of a group without ever being questioned
what is attitude within a culture
preference that refer specifically to how things are evaluated as good or bad
what is value within a culture
guiding principles and shared goals of members in a wide range of situations
what is norms within a culture
shared belief about appropriate or expected behavior in particular situations
what is morals within a culture
it is beliefs about the nature of good and bad behavior
There are community morals, autonomy morals, and divinity morals
does emotional disgust prime heightened moral conviction
Yes
are divinity, purity and obedience explained as ethic of fairness or harm
They are not easily explained as an ethic of fairness or harm
what is moral blind spot
refers to the psychological bias and limitation we have as individual and as communities which prevent us from seeing flaws or inconsistency in our moral judgement actions, and social practice
what are moral foundation theory
cultures dictate our moral and values
so different cultures will have different value
the foundation of moral
The foundations of morale are based on the psychological system , Intuitive , culture, inborn
moral can be individual and group focused
- harm/care
- fairness/reciprocity
- ingroup/loyalty
- authority/respect
- purity/sanctity
what is custom
it is specific pattern or styles of dress, speech and behavior deemed appropriate in a particular context in a given culture
what is social roles in culture
it is your position within a group that entail your role, responsibility, action
what is culture symbol
represent culture as a whole, which as the belief and values of the culture
what is ritual
it is the pattern of action performed in a particular context
what is cultural evolution
it is used as a culture as a creative adaptation. it is the evolution and spread of culture in their beliefs and values as it contribute to the success of the society
what is cultural diffusion
it is used as a cultural adaptation. it is the spread of culture from one group to another
what is cultural transmission
it is used as a cultural adaptation. members learn to imitate the belief and behavior of others in the cultural
how can culture be used adaption
- natural (physical) environment
- social environment
- metaphysical environment
what is cultural diffusion and transmission in art
Culture provides value and a system for understanding in art or something else. Art is the face of culture
how can culture helps us adapt
cultured helps us to adapt to three aspects of our environment proposed by Warner, which are:
1. natural environment
2. social environment
3. metaphysical environment
how does culture helps us adapt in our nature environment
based on environmental challenges, technologies can be built to adapt. different environmental challenges will result in different cultural solution
what is the relationship between culture and beauty
- evolutionary explanation: meaning the survival of fitness and love of art comes its demonstration of skills and good genes
- what is described as beautiful is related to symmetry averageness, pattern in nature,balance, and protype
- beauty follows rules however it is boring and ugly breaks rules however it is interesting
- beauty comes our expectation, if we expect then we can appreciate the art. that is why unfamiliar art seems ugly
what are the four basic patterns of social relationship
This looks at the relationship between culture and social environment
- community sharing
- authority ranking
- market principing
- equality matching
what is the relationship of modernization and cultural values
- increase individualism
- technologies advancement
- democratization
what is terror management theory
it is the theory of people being threatened by death so they look to culture to find meaning and values in their life
The three awareness:
1. we are aware
2. we are moral
3. we are death aware
what is striving for immortality
cultures have various form of immortality to lessen the terror of death
we have literal immortality (afterlife) and symbolic interaction
what are the defense against mortality salience
cultural worldview and self-esteem
what is cultural worldview
human constructed , shared, symbolic conceptions of reality that imbue life with meaning, order and stability
what does all cultural worldview consist of
- a theory of reality
- symbol, rituals, value support the worldview
- promise of actual or symbolic immortality
- standard of value
what role does confidence play on by Terror management theory
so confidence in our the correctness of our belief and values is strengthened by Terror Management theory
what plays a role in prejudices and intergroup conflict
doubt about personal worldview after learning about another culture may play a role in prejudices and intergroup conflict
what is the mortality salience hypothesis
- cultural worldview protects against death
- death remainder increase individual confidence in their worldview and self-esteem
what happens when cultural belief are compromised
when cultural beliefs are compromised, the thought of death leaks into a person mind
the reminders of death increase investment in culture . then threatened cultures increase awareness of death
what is social cognition
studies how people think about themselves and the social world - how they select, interpret, remember and use social information to make judgment and decisions
what doe social cognition examines
selects info from the environment –> interpret the info and store in memory –> later retrieve the memory and use it
social cognition helps us to understand people and situations
what is a schema
it is a framebook with the storages of pages, event, people, attributes, association with other attributes, association with other schemas
why are schemas important
- they reduce the amount of info to process
- reduce ambiguity
- guides our attention on what we encode
- guides our memory, judgement, behavior
- influence our interpretation of other’s behavior
what is associative network
it is the way schemas works
it is a model of how pieces of information are linked together and stored in memory. This is a result from semantic associations and experiential association. it is similar to a mindmap. when you think of a concept it can prime other concepts connected
what is semantic association
it is a mental link between two concepts that are similar in meaning and part of the same category
what are experimental association
it is a mental link between two concepts that were experienced close together in time and space
what is chronically accessible schemas
it is schemas that are easily accessed because they are personally important and used frequently
what is accessibility
the ease with which people can bring an idea into consciousness and use it in thinking
what is salience
as aspect of a schema that is active in one’s mind and consciously or not, colour perception and behavior are example
what is priming
the process by which exposure to a stimulus in the environment increases the salience of a schema
why are schemes easy
because thinking is for doing so it simplify for an effective action and perception
what is confirmation bias
it is the tendency to seek out new info to confirm what we already believe and feel. ambiguous information is interpreted in a schema confirming manner. people pay more attention to schema’s consistent information
what is self-fulfilling prophecies
- you have an expectation (schema) about a person
- this expectation can influence how you act toward that person
- theses action can cause this person to act in way that are consistent with your expectation
what is the rational system
- analytics
- similar to Freud secondary process of thinking
- produce knowledge
- smart pant
what is the experimental system
- holistic
- similar to Freud’s primary process of thinking
- produces wisdom
- the world is your oyster vibes
what are the characteristics of automatic processes
- unintentional/ spontaneous
- fast
- efficient
- unconscious
- uncontrolled
- relies on schemas
what is ideomotor action
it is an unconscious and involuntary motor movement performed because of preconception. so thinking about something will make it likely for u to do it
priming method (triangle)
in a triangle where on the top it has conceptual schemas, then on the left side of the triangle is stimulus and on the right side of the triangle is concept related behavior
what is automatic goal pursuit
so you can prime a goal
prime activate a goal -> activating the motivational states
It operates outside of awareness
what is nonconscious behavior
it is the unintentional transmission of info through nonverbal channel of communication
Why?:
- don’t think to control nonverbal
- aren’t able to control nonverbal
what does priming do
priming activities mental concepts however it is unclear if it affect behavior
what is implicit attitude
it is an automatic association and value judgement built through learning and it is guided by the experiential system. experiential system is encode info by memories
what is implicit self esteem
it is a person’s disposition to evaluate themselves in a spontaneous, automatic or unconscious manner
what are the characteristics of cognitive/ controlled process
- intentional
- inefficient
- big capacity
- slower
- conscious
- controllable
what are used to measure controlled/ cognitive process
- self-report: ex: questionnaire, interview
- explicit behavior: how we choose to act , say and more
what is explicit attitude
conscious value judgement guided by the cognitive system
is high level of self-esteem good or bad
it is good as it can protect us from depression, drug abuse and more
however dangerous criminal have a high level of self esteem. if faced with rejection can be very dangerous and abusive
measuring explicit self esteem
- rosenberg scale (number scale)
measuring implicit self esteem
IAT
what is the difference between humans and other living being
Humans have reflexix thought. reflex thought is the ability to think of who we are, who we will be, and how we will like others to view us
other living beings who are good at self recognition are great apes, elephant and dolphins and possibly birds
is self recognition important to self concept
yes, self recognition is an important first step to self concept
what is the difference between I-self and Me-self
so I-Self is a philosophy concept. the characteristics are:
- the knower
- experiencer
- storyteller
- present tense
- consciousness
the Me-Self is a cognition theory. the characteristics are
- the known
- experiences
- story
-past tense
- self-concept
is self an important object of our attention
yes, self is an important object of our attention. for example, in a party where there are lots of things to grab your attention. if someone says your name, your attention is drawn to that place
what is self concept
it is knowledge about who we are. this includes our traits, social identities, and experiences
it is made up of self-schemas
what is self schemes
it is beliefs about self that guides one’s processing of self relevant information
people are self- schematic on dimension important to them, they strongly believe the opposite is not true
how do we know ourselves
- outmoded/ projective test: the unconscious is probed using the lateral method
- intuition/introspect for the self: the ability to look inward and examine one’s own thought, feelings, and motive
- predicting our feelings and behavior : we are bad at predicting how we feel since we are often wrong about the intensity and duration. due to the act we are the focus (main character) and the psychological immune system (so we rationalize, forgiving, analyzing the situation)
self-perception theory: when internal cues are difficult to interpret, we look at our own behavior to gain insight. however it works in the absence of situational pressure
self perception of emotion: we have the facial feedback hypothesis: change in facial expression –> change in subjective experiences of emotion
self perception of motivation: Intrinsic (within) or extrinsic (outside) motivation
enormous rewards or fearsome penalties can decrease intrinsic motivation. However rewards can be good if it is unexpected, seem as a bonus, complement the effort not the ability, complement for good performance - social context: the self concept change in response to personal/situational factors making it difficult to understand ourselves
- social comparison theory: we evaluate ourselves by comparing ourselves with others. This is done with a good source and if we are unsure of how self
what are the 2 factors needed to feel a specific emotion
- we must experience physiological arousal
- we make a cognitive interpretation explaining the source of arousal
Major conclusion: when unclear about our emotional states we look to others to interpret them
what needs to be before others influences our emotion
- our level of physiological arousal cannot be too intense
- other people must be present before the onset to be a possible explanation
what are social identities
social identities are the part of our answer to “ Who am I” coming from our group membership
what is individualism
- promote one’s own goal
- personal attributes rather than group identification
what is independent selves
found in western culture
it is when self-schemas in which others are not represented as part of the self
what is context independent
found in western culture
attend to focus on the main point of attention (focal) not by pattern (gestalt)
what is analytic reasoning
found in western culture
it is emphasis on the proper use of rues and that contradictory statement cannot be true
what is internal attribution
found in western culture
assume behavior of others correspond with their traits
what is collectivism
-promote the priority of the group
- identity with the group
what is interdependent selves
found in eastern culture
it is self schema in which others are represented in self
what is context dependent
found in eastern culture
pays attention to the surroundings and the entire pattern
what is holistic reasoning
found in eastern culture
emphasis on considering all possible influences and balancing completing forces. in this case contradictions are okay
what is external attribution
found in eastern culture
assume behavior of others correspond to the situation
what drives narcissist
they are driven by social approval (which they can find online, explaining why it is the perfect hunting ground) and superiority
social approval relieve anxiety for narcissist
what is ego: the peril of power
- decreased of perspective taking
- lower affliction
- decreased empathy
what is self-control
override a prepotent impulse to enact a more appropriate/focal goal
it is associated with the avoidance related brain areas
the ACC (detection) and right lateral PFC (inhibition)
- inhibit motor response
- inhibit temptation and desires
inhibit disruptive emotional response
self - control in the social domain
social decision making is thought to have the same process as self-control
domain general and extend to social self control ex: dishonesty and lying
the view of self control as a muscle: domain general
- using self control makes it more stronger and not using it makes it weaker
- muscles use glucose as energy as self control depletes glucose
what is the key of self control
it is sensitive to the stop signal
what is the view of self control as a motivational process
- critical the muscle metaphor because glucose doesn’t work as the muscle metaphor describes. this is shown when the same result was given after swishing the glucose drink rather than drinking
- self control is only inferred
- Ego depletion doesn’t happen when people don’t believe, task motivation is increased, people pray, smoke, watch their favourite TV shows
-unsure on what restores lost resources - cooling (not as pretty) temptation increases self control
what is emotional regulation
- control WHEN and HOW you experience or express emotions
- can be conscious or unconscious
- goal related
what is cognitive reappraisal
changing our ones think about a situation
what are the benefit of Cognitive Reappraisal
- effective
- outperform suppression
- target the meaning of the stimuli
- well studied
what are the cost of Cognitive Reappraisal
- some are better at it than others
- might backfires for controllable stressor
what is stress
it is stimulus that threatens animals physiological homeostasis which is the stressor
in response to the stress: there is an active maintenance of physiological homeostasis and sympathetic and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) systems
what is learned helplessness
- stressors that are either unescapable inescapable
- vulnerable
what is resilient mice
- focus on an escapable stressor rather than inescapable
- learned resilience, known as the good twin of learned helpness
what is the neural mechanisms of stressor control resilience
the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. This teaches controllability
how does confirmation conviction happen (a belief that is held strongly )
- high initial conviction and strong link to action
- high commitment
- specific and real world belief
- disconfirmation is recognized
- social support
what is the cognitive dissonance theory
Dissonance is when people experience inconsistency in their thoughts, feelings, and action creating unpleasant emotional states. To reduce the dissonance they rationalize their action or change their attitude to create greater consistency
ex: binging (cheat day) on a diet
how does people rationalize their action
- changing their attitude/cognitions
- changing perception of the action
- adding consonant cognition (similar to reasoning it out)
- minimizing the importance of the conflict
- reducing perceived choice
what are the four method of dissonance induction
- induced compliance
- free choice
- effort justification
- induced hycrospisy
what is induced compliance
a person with upper power makes an individual complete a task that goes against your personal attitude or belief .
the study that correspond with this concept is a group were given a boring task to complete. the experimental group were told to tell another participant the task were interesting and the the control weren’t given an instruction to pass on. Some participants offered a dollar for lying to the next participant while others offered twenty dollars for doing so. then they were to evaluate their study experiences
the people that were paid more money for the completion didn’t have a cognitive dissonance so they could justify lying. the people that weren’t paid well experienced cognitive dissonance, so they began to think the tasks is more interesting than what they think originally
what is free choice
The choice between two equally attractive choices creates dissonance
people reduce their dissonance by making decision positive aspects of rejected alternative: increasing their liking for the chosen item and negative aspects of chosen alternative: decreasing their liking for the rejected item
there is a classical study looking at rationalizing difficult decisions. women were asked to give a choice between two equally favourable items, after making the decision all Ps rated the item again
what is effort justification
it is engaging in negative behavior for desirable outcomes. believing an action is bad while doing it produces cognitive dissonance. ex: paying high price for an item that is disappointing
the study experiment had a group read very obscene and detailed sex scene and the other group didn’t read a detailed sex scene but read a material that is related to sex. Then were made to listen to very boring material. The result were the group that were given the most detailed sex scene described the boring material has interesting. This group placed more value on the boring material to justify the extra effort to avoid cognitive dissonance
this strategy is helped during difficult initiation rites, religious organizations through money and time, expensive restaurants. it is a resource justification
what is induced hypocrisy
advocating for a belief then failing to uphold the belief
- the dissonance cognition are not readily noticeable at the same thing, the hypocrisy paradigm will show it
- This can be seen when a student gave a speech on the importance of condom use, and after didn’t use condom, it can create dissonance. To reduce dissonance there will be an increase of the buying of condom and condom use intention
when does people feel dissonance
People feel dissonance primarily when the inconsistent cognitions are salient or highly accessible to consciousness.
Why does inconsistently create dissonance
- dissonance is likely when it implict a core sense of self: people think if themselves as good and moral being so when it goes against, it create dissonance
- dissonance is likely to predict negative consequences for our action
When does inconsistently create dissonance
- weakened external justification
- cultural influence
- perceived choice
- commitment
what is self-perception theory
The self-perception theory is when internal cues are difficult people look at their external behavior. so the question will be dissonance be the self-perception theory or not
what is the difference between self-perception and misattribution
The difference between self-perception and dissonance is the uncomfortable arousal involved in dissonance. if it is self-perception misttrabution can be impact
The study was told to give an essay then were given a placebo pill and will examine attitude change
