psych 239 midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

what did the policy of deinstitutionalization

Answer 1

it was based on the belief that psychiatric patient would benefit from the opportunity to lead more independent and fulfilling lives in the community while relying on general hospital for short term care during episode of illness the textbook definition: practice of discharging large number of hospitalized mental patients of the community and reducing the need for new admission through the development of alternative treatment approaches such as halfway houses and crisis intervention services

Answer 2

Dr Ruth Kajander is a noticeable individual in the antipsychotic medication as she used medicine (chlorpromazine) to treat schizophrenia

Answer 3

Emil Kraepelin was involved in dementia praecox, he discovered it as a form of psychosis. today it is known as schizophrenia, he is considered as a biological illness the medical model is a major advance over Demonology

Answer 4

Charcot was involved in hypnosis and hysteria. to study hysteria, he used hypnosis to treat and study his patients with hysteria . The patient with hysteria had physical symptoms such as paralysis or numbness that cannot be explained by any underlying physical causes Freud was involved in the psychodynamic model, the model shows abnormal behavior lies in the interplay of forces within the unconscious mind Freud conceptualized the term "catharsis" as an emotional release of paralyzing affects associated with negative, traumatic memories.

Answer 5

sociocultural model: Thomas szasz: the myth of mental illness the SOCIOCULTURAL therapist believe that to better understand the root of abnormal behavior we must consider the broader social context in which behavior occur. they believe the cause of abnormal behavior may be found in the failure of society rather than the person such as poverty, lack of economic opportunity according to Thomas szasz, mental illness is a myth. he believed mental illness is a problem in living

Answer 6

depression and schizophrenia is a result of neuronal communication. in depression, we want to increase the amount of serotonin by reducing the uptake of serotonin One can adopt a biologically oriented perspective without using the terminology of the medical model.

Answer 7

All the genetic material encoded in DNA

Answer 8

The molecular structure of the genome comprised of four organic compounds A: adenine T: thymine C: cytosine G: guanine

Answer 9

genome: all of the genetic material encoded in DNA. there are 2.8 billion pairs with 20-25 thousand genes

Answer 10

- soma - Dendrites - axon - axon - terminal - knobs

Answer 11

neurons transmit message neural impulses across synapse, which consist of the axon terminal of the transmitting neurons; the gap or synaptic cleft, between the neurons and the Dendrites of the receiving neurons. the message consists of neurotransmitters that are released by synaptic vesicles (sacs) into the synaptic cleft and taken up by receptor sites on the receiving neurons. finally neurotransmitter are broken down and reabsorbed by the axon terminal to be recycled

Answer 12

- Excesses and deficiencies of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine have been connected with mood disorders and eating disorders - Reduced levels of neurotransmitter acetylcholine is associated with Alzheimer's Disease - Excessive levels of neurotransmitter dopamine appear to be involved in schizophrenia - Serotonin, another neurotransmitter, is linked to anxiety disorders, mood disorders, sleep disorders and eating disorders

Answer 13

the psychodynamic models is called psychoanalytic model which is based on the belief that psychological problems are derived from unconsciousness psychological conflicts , which can be traced to childhood. Freud held that meud of our behavior is driven by unconcious motives and conflicts of which we are unaware, these underlying conflict revolve around primitive sexual and aggressive instinct or drives and the need to keep these primitive impulses out of direct awareness. since awareness of these primitive impulses including murderous urges and incestuous impulses would flood the conscious self with crippling anxiety

Answer 14

Freud believes the mind is like an iceberg. freud believe the largest part of the mid, which includes our deepest wishes, fears,and instinctual urges remains below the surface of consciousness. conscious: our present awareness preconscious: beneath the surface of awareness. the memories of experiences can be found that are not in awareness but can be brought into awareness with focus unconscious: beneath the surface of awareness. the largest part of the mind. Freud believed the unconcious is the repository of biological drives or instinct such as sex and aggression

Answer 15

according to Freud, the personality is divided into three mental entities or psychic structure which are id, ego, and superego

Answer 16

it is the psychic structure present at birth. it is the repository of our baser drives and instinctual impulses including hunger, thrist, sex and aggression. operates completely in the unconscious and was described by Freud as chaos. the id follows the pleasure principles as it demands instant gratification of instinct without consideration of social rules or customs or the needs of others. it operates primary process thinking, the primary process thinking is the mode of relating to the world through imagination and fantasy. this enables the id to achieve gratification by conjuring up a mental image of the object of desire

Answer 17

ego is developed during the first year of life to organize reasonable way of coping with frustration in the delay of gratification. ego seeks to curbs the demands of the id and to direct behavior in keeping with social customs and expectation. gratification can be achieved but not at the expense of social disapproval. the ego is governed by the reality principle, it considers what is practical and possible as well as the urging of the id. the ego engages in secondary process thinking, which is the remembering, planning and weighing of circumstance that permit a compromise between the fantasies of the id and the realities of the world outside. the go lays the groundwork for the development of the conscious senses of the self

Answer 18

during the middle childhood, the superego developed. the moral standard and values of parents and other key people become internalized through a process of identification. the superego operates according to the moral principles, it demands strict adherence to moral standard. the superego represents the moral values of an ideal self called the eo ideal. it also serves as a conscience or internal moral guardian that monitors the ego and passes judgement on right and wrong. it distributes out punishment in the form of guilt and shame when it finds the ego has failed to adhere to the superego's moral standard

Answer 19

in Freud theory, the belief that the clashing forces within the personality could be divided into three psychic structure, the id,the ego, and the superego

Answer 20

1. oral stages: babies use their mouth to analyze the world. oral fixation is caused by unmet oral needs causing smoking, nail biting and more in adulthood 2. anal stages: retentive & expulsive traits: The Anal retentive personality is stingy, with a compulsive seeking of order and tidiness. The person is generally stubborn and a perfectionist. The Anal expulsive personality is an opposite of the Anal retentive personality, and has a lack of self control, being generally messy and careless. 3. phallic stages: Oedipus/electra complex. The Oedipus complex is a Freudian term that was named after a man that unknowingly killed his father and slept with his mother. Freud said that a boy develops an unconscious infatuation towards his mother, and simultaneously fears his father to be a rival. This happens at an unconscious level. The Electra complex, whose name was inspired by a Greek myth, refers to a young girl's attraction to the parent of the opposite sex during the phallic stage. At that time of psychosexual development, the daughter develops a sense of competition with her mother. Castration anxiety is a psychoanalytic concept introduced by Sigmund Freud to describe a boy's fear of loss of or damage to the genital organ as punishment for incestuous wishes toward the mother and murderous fantasies toward the rival father. 4. latency stages: The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is repressed or dormant. This energy is still present, but it is sublimated into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions. This stage is important in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence.Fixation at this stage can result in immaturity and an inability to form fulfilling relationships as an adult. 5. genital stages: The genital stage appears when the sexual and aggressive drives have returned. The source of sexual pleasure expands outside of the mother and father. If during the phallic stage, the child was unconsciously attracted to the same-sex parent, then homosexual relationships can occur during this stage.

Answer 21

Freud believed there is a thine line between normal and abnormal. both normal and abnormal behavior are motivated or driven by irrational drives of the id. the difference may be largely a matter of degree. normality is a matter of the balance of energy among the psychic structures of if, ego, superego. in normal people, the ego has the strength to control the instinct of the id and to withstand the condemnation of the superego.

Answer 22

in psychodynamic theory, the reality-distorting strategies used by the ego to shield itself from conscious awareness of anxiety-evoking or troubling material It prevents socially unacceptable impulse from rising into consciousness if not for the defense mechanisms , the darkest sins of our childhood, the primitive demands of our ids and the censures of our superego might disable us psychologically

Answer 23

- repression - regression - displacement - denial - reaction formation - rationalization - rationalization -projection - sublimation

Answer 24

expulsion from awareness of unacceptable ideas or motives ex: a person remains unaware of harbouring hateful or destructive impulses toward others

Answer 25

the return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development ex: under stress, a university student starts biting his nails or becomes totally dependent on others

Answer 26

the transfer of unacceptable impulses away from threatening individuals toward safer or less threatening objects ex: a worker slams a door after his boss chews him out

Answer 27

refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire ex: a person harshly rebukes his or her spouses but denies feeling angry

Answer 28

behaving in a way that is the opposite of one's true wishes or desires in order to keep these repressed ex: a sexually frustrated person does on a person crusade to stamp out indecency

Answer 29

the use of self-justification to explain unacceptable behavior ex: a woman says when asked why she continues to smoke " cancer doesn't run in my family"

Answer 30

imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another person ex: a sexually inhibited person misinterpret other people friendly approach as sexual advance

Answer 31

the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits ex: a person channels aggressive impulses into competitive sports

Answer 32

psychosis results when the urges of the id spill forth into consciousness, untempered by an ego that either has been weakened or is underdeveloped. the fortress of the ego is overrun and the person loses the ability to distinguish between fantasy and reality

Answer 33

it is a term used to describe the second generation of theriorst who followed into the Freudian tradition. on the whole neo Freudians such as Jung, alder, Horney, Sullivan placed greater emphasis on the importance of cultural and social influence on behavior and lesser importance on sexual impulses and the functioning of the id

Answer 34

people can learn abnormal behavior from situational factors such as harsh punishment for early exploratory behavior in the form of masturbation which might give rise to adult anxieties. also poor child rearing can have a contribution watson, skinner and other behaviorists believed human behavior is a product of genetic endowment and environmental or situational influences. however Freud saw us as driven by irrational unconscious forces, behaviourists see us as a product of environmental influences that shape and manipulate our behavior. behaviorists focus on the role of two major forms of learning in shaping normal and abnormal behavior: classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Answer 35

-Conditioned response (CR) - Unconditioned stimulus (US) - Conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned Response (UR

Answer 36

in classical conditioning, a learned or acquired response to a previously neutral stimulus. a response to a conditioned stimulus

Answer 37

stimulus that elicits an instinctive or unlearned response from an organism

Answer 38

unlearned response or a response to an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 39

previously neutral stimulus that comes to evoke a conditioned response following repeated pairing with a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) that had already evoked that response

Answer 40

before conditioning: the neural stimulus doesn't evoke no response or orienting response AND the unconditioned stimulus lead to unconditioned response during conditioning: the conditioned stimulus will begin to be associated with the unconditioned response and the unconditioned stimulus still leads to unconditioned response after conditioning: the conditioned stimulus lead to conditioned response

Answer 41

- reinforcement and reward - positive and negative reinforcer - primary and secondary reinforcer - positive punishment and negative punishment

Answer 42

stimulus that increases the frequency of the response it follows.

Answer 43

types of reinforcers that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are presented. food and social approval are generally, but not always, positive reinforcers

Answer 44

reinforcers whose removal increase the frequency of an operant behavior. anxiety, pain and social disapproval often function as negative reinforcers: that is their removal tends to increase the rate of the immediately preceding behavior

Answer 45

a broader view of learning theory that emphasizes both situation determinants of behavior (reinforcement and punishment) and cognitive factors (expectancies, values, attitude, beliefs, etc)

Answer 46

the ongoing process of two way interaction among personal factors (cognitive abilities: expectancies, values, attitude,and belief and affective and biological characteristics), behavior (skills, talents, habits and interpersonal relations) and environmental factors(physical surrounding and other people)

Answer 47

in social cognitive theory, a personal variable describing people's predictions of future outcomes

Answer 48

A social-cognitive theorist emphasized the roles of thinking or cognition and of learning by observation or modeling in human behavior. also, they view people as affecting their environment just as the environment affect them. and this is all associated with Alberta Bandura based on social cognitive theory, if the model was reward or punish for their actions, will make it more or likely to behavior is recreated. if the behavior is modeled then it will most likely be recreated. observational learning is used to learn behavior using rewards and punishment

Answer 49

Humanistic-Existential Models * Carl Rogers * Self actualization * Abraham Maslow * Living Authentically

Answer 50

self-actualization is the ongoing process of maintaining and enhancing the individual's self-concept through reflection, reinterpretation of experience, allowing the individual to recover, develop, change, and grow

Answer 51

he is associated with the hierarchy of need Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior. According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to self-actualization, a process by which we achieve our full potential.

Answer 52

he is associated with Emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence involves the ability to motion one's own and others' feelings and emotions to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and action

Answer 53

* Conditional (versus unconditional) positive regard * Conditions of worth

Answer 54

Conditional positive regard means giving someone esteem, love, or support only on the basis of certain conditions. By contrast, unconditional positive regard means giving love and support regardless of the person's behavior will lead to a healthy and not too bad child with no mental health illness

Answer 55

According to humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers, conditions of worth develop early in life based on the conditional positive regard and approval we receive from significant others, especially parents. A condition of worth arises when the positive regard of a significant other is conditional, when the individual feels that in some respects he is prized and in others not. Gradually, this same attitude is assimilated into his own self-regard complex, and he values an experience positively or negatively solely because of these conditions of worth which he has taken over from others, not because the experience enhances or fails to enhance his organism. lecture definition: needed to behave in a way to be approved this can be good so we don't behave as wild animal

Answer 56

Cognitive Perspectives * Information Processing Approaches * Interpretive biases * Albert Ellis * Activating events->Beliefs->Consequences * Aaron Beck * Tripartite model

Answer 57

it is an approach to cognitive development studies that aims to explain how information is encoded into memory. there are four stages of information processing in the brain. these four stages include attending, encoding, storing and retrieving

Answer 58

Interpretation bias is a form of cognitive bias in which ambiguous situations are appraised as negative or threatening. Although the domain of interpretation bias can vary by diagnosis (e.g., social anxiety vs. panic), the general process of interpreting ambiguity in a negative manner is transdiagnostic.

Answer 59

he believed troubling events in themselves do not lead to anxiety, depression or disturbed behavior. rather it is the irrational belief about unfortunate experience that foster negative emotions and maladaptive behavior he used an ABC approach to explain the cause of the misery Activating events --> beliefs --> consequences

Answer 60

to exaggerate or magnify the negative consequences of events; to blow things out of proportion this term is associated with Albert Ellis

Answer 61

he proposed that depression may result from cognitive error he is associated with Tripartite model

Answer 62

- selective abstraction - overgeneralization - magnification - absolutist thinking

Answer 63

people may selectively abstract (focus exclusively on) the parts of their experiences that reflect on their flaws and ignore evidence of their competencies

Answer 64

people may overgeneralize from a few isolated experiences. for example, they may see their future as hopeless because they were laid off or believe they will never marry because they were rejected by a dating partner

Answer 65

people may blow out of proportion or magnify the importance of unfortunate events. students may catastrophize a bad test grade by jumping to the conclusion that they will flunk out of university and their lives will be ruined

Answer 66

people see the world in black and white terms rather than in shades of grey. absolutist thinkers may assume any grade less than a perfect A or a work evaluation less than rave is a total failure

Answer 67

Cognitive-behavioral modification (CBM) approaches altering self-talk and life narrative to promote positive behaviors, and thus outcomes. Donald Meichenbaum uses cognitive–behavioral therapy with a constructive-narrative perspective in which he looks at the stories clients tell about themselves and considers ways that the client could develop a different, more positive story.

Answer 68

*Must consider the impact of social and cultural factors, such as ethnicity, gender and social roles, and poverty. * Sociocultural theorists seek causes of abnormal behaviour that may reside in the failures of society rather than in the person. For example, the Downward Drift Hypothesis

Answer 69

the belief that people with psychological problems may drift downward in socioeconomic status since they are more likely to not take care of themselves causing them to lose their jobs, lose contact with friends resulting in homelessness and more

Answer 70

* No one theoretical perspective can account for the complex forms of abnormal behaviour * Many theorists today adopt an interactionist perspective. * I.e., The belief that we need to take into account the interaction of multiple factors representing biological, psychological, sociocultural, and environmental domains in order to explain abnormal behaviour.

Answer 71

it is related with interactionist perspective . it is the model of abnormal behavior positing that abnormal behavior patterns such as schizophrenia involve the interaction of genetics and environmental influence. in this model, a genetic or acquired predisposition or Diathesis increases an individual's vulnerability to developing the disorder in response to stressful life circumstance. if , however the level of stress is kept under the person's particular threshold, the disorder may never develop, even among people with the predisposition Diathesis (a predisposition of vulnerability) stress (environmental stressor) ---> development of the disorder

Answer 72

a conceptual model emphasizing that human behavior is linked to complex interactions among biological, psychological and sociocultural factors The Biopsychosocial Model Dynamic interplay of three major systems or domains: * Two INTERNAL systems: biological, psychological * One EXTERNAL system: sociocultural and environmental factors.

Answer 73

it is client centered approaches that places the emphasis on collaboration, honesty, respect when the client are treated as a friend

Answer 74

- provides a wealth of information about a client’s personality, behaviour, and cognitive functioning. - This information helps clinicians acquire a broader understanding of their clients’ problems and recommend appropriate forms of treatment.

Answer 75

to be reliable and valid

Answer 76

- Internal Consistency - Temporal Stability - Interrater Reliability

Answer 77

Internal consistency, in the context of reliability, refers to the degree of consistency or agreement between different items or parts of a test or measurement instrument that are intended to measure the same construct or attribute. High internal consistency indicates that the items in the test are strongly related to each other, suggesting that they are measuring the same underlying construct reliably. On the other hand, low internal consistency suggests that the items may not be measuring the same thing or that there may be inconsistency in the way respondents interpret and respond to the items.

Answer 78

Temporal stability, also known as test-retest reliability, is a measure of the consistency of a test or measurement instrument over time. It assesses the extent to which the scores obtained from the same individuals on the same test are consistent when the test is administered on two different occasions. A high degree of temporal stability indicates that the test produces consistent results over time, suggesting that the construct being measured is stable and enduring. On the other hand, low temporal stability suggests that the measurement may be influenced by factors that change over time, such as fluctuations in the respondent's mood, environment, or other variables not related to the construct being measured.

Answer 79

Interrater reliability, also known as interobserver agreement or interrater agreement, is a measure of the consistency or agreement between two or more raters or observers who independently evaluate or score the same set of data, such as behaviors, performances, or responses. High interrater reliability indicates strong agreement among raters or observers, suggesting that the evaluation process is consistent and reliable. On the other hand, low interrater reliability suggests inconsistency or disagreement among raters or observers, which can raise questions about the validity and accuracy of the evaluation process.

Answer 80

Content validity is a type of validity that refers to the extent to which a test or measurement instrument adequately represents the entire domain of content it is supposed to measure. In other words, it assesses whether the items or questions in a test are relevant, appropriate, and comprehensive in capturing the construct or attribute being measured. If a test lacks content validity, it may fail to provide a comprehensive or accurate representation of the construct, leading to invalid conclusions or decisions based on the test results

Answer 81

Criterion validity is a type of validity that assesses the extent to which scores on a test or measurement instrument are predictive of or correlate with scores on an external criterion that is considered the "gold standard" for measuring the construct of interest. Criterion validity is important because it demonstrates the usefulness of a test or measurement instrument by showing that it accurately predicts or correlates with an external criterion that is relevant to the construct being measured. If a test demonstrates high criterion validity, it suggests that the test scores can be trusted to make predictions or decisions about individuals' performance or behavior in real-world settings.

Answer 82

Construct validity is a type of validity that assesses the extent to which a test or measurement instrument accurately measures the underlying theoretical construct or concept it is intended to measure. In other words, it examines whether the scores obtained from the test truly represent the theoretical construct or attribute being studied. Establishing construct validity is essential for ensuring that a test or measurement instrument accurately measures the intended construct and provides valid interpretations of the scores obtained. It is a critical aspect of test development and validation, particularly in fields such as psychology, education, and social sciences, where theoretical constructs play a central role in research and assessment.

Answer 83

- Assessment techniques may be reliable & valid in one culture, but not in another - Most diagnostic instruments consider culture to some degree, but most fail to provide adequate norms for different cultural & ethnic groups. - Interviewers need to be sensitive to problems that can arise when interviews are conducted in a language other than the client’s mother tongue

Answer 84

- identifying data: sociodemographic characteristics, marital status,age, gender, racial/ethnic characteristics, religion and more 2. description of the presenting problems: how does the client perceive the problem? what troubling behavior thought or feeling are reported? how do they affect the client's functioning? when did they begin psychosocial history: information describing the client's developmental history: educational, social, and occupational history , early family relationships 4. medical psychiatric history: history of medical and psychiatric treatment and hospitalization. is the present problem a recurrent episode of a previous problem? how was the problem handled in the past ? was treatment successful? why or why or 5. medical problems/medication : deception of present medical problems and present treatment including medication

Answer 85

-unstructured - semi-structured - structured

Answer 86

types of clinical interview in which interviewers determine which questions to ask rather than following a standard interview format

Answer 87

type of clinical interview in which interviewers are guided by a general outline but are free to modify the order in which questions are asked and to branch off in other directions

Answer 88

means by which an interviewer obtains clinical information from a client by asking a fairly standard series of questions concerning such issues as the client's presenting complaints or problems, mental state, life circumstance and psychosocial or development history

Answer 89

its spontaneity and conversational styles

Answer 90

lack of standardization failure or touch on important clinical information needed to from a diagnostic impression

Answer 91

provide the highest level of reliability and consistency in reaching diagnostic judgement

Answer 92

- great flexibility

Answer 93

the structured clinical interview for the DSM. the SCID includes closed-ended question to determine the presence of behavior pattern that suggest specific diagnostic categories and open ended questions that allows Clint's to alabtroes on their problems and feeling

Answer 94

structured clinical evaluation to determine various aspects of a client mental functioning

Answer 95

it is global capacity to understand the world and cope with its challenges. traits or traits associated with successful performance on intelligence test

Answer 96

he is the originator of the widely used series of intelligence tests. he defined intelligence as capacity to understand the world and resourcefulness to cope with its challenges. from his perceptive, intelligence has to do with the ways in which we mentally represent the world and adapt to its demands his scales included both verbal and performance subtest

Answer 97

by Alfred Binet and theodore Simon in response to the French school system quest for a test that could identity children who might profit from the education. the initial scale yielded a score called a mental age

Answer 98

age equivalent that correspond to the person level of intelligence as a measured by performance on the stanford Binet intelligence scale

Answer 99

he adapted the binet-simon test for American children and it became known by its full current name: the Stanford-binet intelligence scale(SBIS). The SBID also yielded an intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 100

measure of intelligence derived on the basic of scores on a intelligence test. called a quotient because it was originally derived by divided a respondent mental age by his or her actual age

Answer 101

intelligence quotient derived by determining the derivation between the individual's score and the norm (means) comparing the individual score on an intelligence test with the mean score

Answer 102

most IQ scores cluster around the mean. just 5% are above 130 or below 70 he classified people who scored 130 and above as ver superior, while people who scored below 70 are diagnosis with intelligence disability

Answer 103

1. self report test 2. projective tests

Answer 104

to measure particular traits or conditions such as anxiety or depression a common tool used is Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-II): a test consisting of hundreds of true-false questions, used as a diagnostic tool by psychologists. MMPI-II has validity that assess tendencies to distort test response in a favourable way like faking good or unfavourablelike faking bad direction

Answer 105

tests that allow a limited specific ranges of response option or answer so that they can be scored objectivity

Answer 106

- relative ease and economy of administration. as the client can complete the test on their own

Answer 107

rely on client themselves as the sources of data. can reflect underlying biases such as tendencies to answer items in a socially desirable direction rather than accurate self-perception limited to high functioning individuals who can read well, respond to verbal material and focus on a potentially tedious task

Answer 108

unlike like objective tests, they offer no clear, specific answer in this test, client are presented with ambigos stimulus such as vague drawing or inkblots and are usually asked to describe what the stimulus look like or to relate stories about them: The instruments used are: - Rorschach Inkblot Test: showing respondents a series of inkblots and asking them to describe what they see in each one. designed to assess personality characteristics, emotional functioning, and thought processes. It is often used in clinical settings to help diagnose psychological disorders, understand underlying personality dynamics, and gain insights into unconscious processes. - Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): ambiguosus pic where individual depicts stores about them. it assumed the stores reflect their experiences and outlook in life it is also suggestive of clients attitudes towards others particularly family members and lovers - blacky test: presents respondents with a series of black-and-white pictures depicting ambiguous scenes or scenarios. Respondents are asked to tell a story about each picture. Like the TAT, the Blacky Pictures Test is used to assess personality characteristics, motivations, and unconscious processes

Answer 109

the stimulus properties of some of the cards such as cues deception sadness or anger may exert too strong a stimulus pull on the subject. the picture themselves may pull for certain types of stories, if so client response may represent reaction to the stimulus cues rather than projective of their personalities. meaning instead of the test being based on their personality, it is based on subjective impression

Answer 110

Used to evaluate whether or not psychological problems reflect underlying neurological damage or brain defects. the first test to be developed is the bender visual motor gestalt test consist of geometric figures that illustrates various gestalt principles of perception. the client is asked to copy geometric design. Signs of possible brain damage include rotation of the figures, distortion in shape and incorrect sizing of the figure in relation to one another it is convenient and economical means of uncovering possible impairment

Answer 111

reveals a pattern of skills deficits that are suggestive of particular sites of brain damages. a wide range of skills are assessed. tests measure tactile, kinesthetic and spatial skills; complex motor skills; auditory skills; receptive and expressive speeches skills; reading, writing and arithmetic skills; and general intelligence and memory functioning

Answer 112

measures perceptual, intellectually and motor skills and performance. permits psychologist to observe pattern of results and various patterns of test permits the psychologist to observes pattern of results and various patterns of performance deficits are suggestive of certain kinds of brain defects such as the occurrences

Answer 113

to reveal Brain dysfunction without surgical procedures

Answer 114

method of psychological assessment that seeks to use psychological tests to identify and measure the reasonably stable traits in an individual's personality that are believed to largely determine his or her behavior

Answer 115

approach to clinical assessment that focuses on the objective recording or description of problem behavior rather than on inference about personality traits -Focuses on the objective recording and/or description of behaviour * Functional analysis * Behavioural interview * Reactivity * Self-monitoring * Analogue Measures * Behavioural Rating Scales

Answer 116

Involves the assessment of cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes)

Answer 117

- thought diaries - cognition checklist - dysfunctional attitudes scale

Answer 118

- lack of consensus in defining problems in behavioural terms -lack of reliability or inconsistency of measurement ( due to response biases)

Answer 119

- doesn't rely on a client's self-report - provide an accurate rate measurement of problem behavior

Answer 120

intended to stimulate the settings in which the behavior naturally takes place but are carried out in laboratory or controlled settings

Answer 121

- Examines people’s physiological responses - Galvanic skin response (GSR) - Electroencephalograph (EEG) - Electromyograph (EMG) - Measures of sexual arousal (PPG and VPP)

Answer 122

measure of the changes in electrical activity of the skin caused by increased activity of the sweat glands that accompanies states of sympathetic nervous system arousal, such as when a person is anxious

Answer 123

instrument for measuring the electrical activity of the brain (brain waves)

Answer 124

instrument often used in biofeedback training for measuring muscles tension

Answer 125

* Computerized tomography (CT Scans): consists of narrow x-rays beam aimed at the head. it reveal abnormalities in shape and structure that may be suggestive of lesions, blood clots, or tumors * Positron emission tomography (PET Scans): a small amount of radioactive compound or tracer is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream. used it reveal differences in brain activity in people with schizophrenia * Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): a person is placed in a doughnut shaped tunnel that generates a strong magnetic field. used to investigate brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia and other disorder such as obbesive-complusive disorder * Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): a form of resonance imaging that yield more info than a basic MRI . used to discover the neurobiology of stress * Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (BEAM):

Answer 126

- Testing (by itself) ≠ Assessment - Proper assessment = Clinical history and observation + Measurement + Expert knowledge + Formulation - Strengths must be considered as equally important: Can’t just focus on pathology

Answer 127

* Classification systems for abnormal behaviour date back to ancient times. * The most modern system of classification – the DSM-5 – emerges out of the work of Kraepelin in the 19th century. * Classification is at the core of the scientific enterprise. * Labels make communication about psychological disorders possible

Answer 128

- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) - Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD)

Answer 129

- DSM doesn't assume that abnormal behavior necessarily stems from biological causes or defects. it recognizes that the causes of mental disorder are unclear - in DSM, abnormal behavior patterns are classified as mental disorder - classifying disorder not people - An attempt to define and discover actual diseases (mental or psychological disorders). Strictly speaking, the term disease process is reserved for conditions with well understood cause and course - Most mental disorders do not qualify as genuine disease processes, which doesn’t disqualify them as forms of illness.They are clinical pictures, or syndromes - *Specific diagnostic criteria are used - Abnormal behaviour patterns that share features are grouped together

Answer 130

1. Atheoretically: without a theoretical basis 2. descriptive: look at observable facts 3.polythetic: flexible criteria as the same condition can look subtly different 4. Good interrater reliability: agreement between clinicians

Answer 131

reliability: hasn't improved since DSM-III.Estimates may be inflated due to focus on high severity populations Validity: Can be inadvertently sacrificed in the interests of maximizing reliability

Answer 132

based on the ability of the diagnostics system to predict the course the disorder is likely to follow or its response to treatment

Answer 133

- updated descriptive and background information on each disorder. so exciting disorders were reclassified or consolidated with other disorders under holistic label - classified abnormal behavior pattern or psychological disorder according to developmental model allowing relevant lifespan information included in decision regarding clinical diagnoses - adoption of a dimensional component in assessment and diagnosis allowing evaluate the opportunity to identify the shades of grey rather than categorical - Criterion Changes and Replacement of DSM-IV Disorders With More Relevant Disorders

Answer 134

- Reliability and validity of assessment tools may be culture-specific - Disentangling psychopathology from sociocultural factors - Issues of translation

Answer 135

patterns of psychological distress that are limited to one or only a few cultures ex: Tajinn-kyofu-sho (TKS) is a common disorder seen in Japan, characterized by an excessive fear that one will behave in embarrassing ways or offend other people

Answer 136

- DSM I: 106 mental illness - DSM II: 182 mental illness - DSM III: 265 mental illness - DSM III R: 292 mental illness - DSM IV/TR: 297 mental illness - DSM 5: 300+ mental illness

Answer 137

- Clinical Psychologist - Psychiatrist - social workers - psychiatric nurses - family physicians

Answer 138

Bill 30 (The Mental Health Services Protection Act) received Royal Assent in December 2018

Answer 139

- biological therapies - psychodynamic therapies - behavior therapy - humanistic-existential therapies -cognitive-behavior therapies - eclectic (integrative) therapy - group, family and martial therapy - computer- assisted therapy

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method of helping involving a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principle to bear on influencing the client's thought, feeling or behavior to help that client overcome abnormal behavior or adjust to problem in living

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adoption of principles or techniques from various systems or theories

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in relation to biological therapies. field of study that examines the effects of drugs on behavior and psychological functioning and explores the use of psychoactive drug in the treatment of emotional disorders

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occurence of strong anxiety following withdrawal from a tranquiliser

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groups of antipsychotic drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia such as the phenothiazines

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types of drugs that act to relieve depression. tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are the major classes of antidepressant

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group of antidepressant drug that increase the activity of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain by interfering with the reuptakes of these neurotransmitter by transmitting neurons

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antidepressants that act to increase the availability of neurotransmitter in the brain by inhibiting the action of an enzymes, monoamine oxidase, that normally break down or degrades neurotransmitter (norepinephrine and serotonin) in the synaptic cleft

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types of antidepressant medication that prevent serotonin from being taken back up by the transmitting neurons, thus increasing its action

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types of antidepressant medication that work specifically on increasing level on serotonin and norephrine by interfering with the reuptakes of these chemicals by transmitting neurons

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iert medication or form of bogus treatment intended to control the effect of expectancies. sometimes referred to as a sugar pill

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- medication - Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): induction of a convulsive seizure by means of passing an electric current through the head; used primarily in the treatment of severe depression - psychosurgery - deep brain stimulation: involves implanting electrodes (like a heart pacemaker) within the part of the brain that affect mood. used to relieve depression

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- free association: when the individual is asked to lay down and prompt to utter whatever comes to mind. then the analyst offers interpretation, drawing attention to connection between your disclosure and unconscious conflict - transference: when clients respond to the psychologist (freud) in a way that reflects their feeling and attitudes toward important people in their lives - modern psychodynamic approaches : Contemporary theories include object relations theory, self-psychology, attachment theory/mentalization, and postmodern models. Each of these psychodynamic theories provides a conceptual framework for therapists to help their patients understand themselves and overcome problematic behaviors and thought processes.

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- Systematic desensitization: involves exposing imagination or y means of picture or slides to progressively fearful stimulus until it is deeply relaxed - Gradual exposure: people troubled by purposely expose themselves to the stimulus that evokes their fear - token economies: seek to increase adaptive behavior by allowing patients to earn tokens for performing adaptive behavior such as self-grooming or making their bed - modeling: first observe and then intimate others who approach or interact with fear-evoking situations or object

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- person-centered therapy (rogers): emphasizing the establishment of a warm, accepting therapeutic relation that free clients to engage in a process of self-exploration and self-acceptance. related to conditional positive regard (empathy, genuineness, and congruence about his or her thoughts, feelings and behavior) - emotion-focused therapy (greenberg): based on the premise that emotion, motivation, cognition and action occur as an integrated response package. they help become aware and accept their emotion

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- Ellis’ Rational Emotive Therapy: focuses on helping individuals identify and challenge irrational beliefs and thought patterns that contribute to emotional distress and unhealthy behaviors. -Beck’s Cognitive Therapy: encourage clients to recognize and change errors in their thinking that affect their mood and impair their behavior.in other words, focuses on helping individuals identify and challenge negative and distorted thoughts, beliefs, and cognitive patterns that contribute to emotional distress and dysfunctional behavior. - Meichenbaum’s Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: attempts to integrate therapeutic techniques that focus not only on making overt behavioural change but also on changing dysfunctional thought and cognition. draws on the assumption that cognition and information processing play important roles in the beginning and maintenance of maladaptive behavior and the impact of external event is filtered through thinking process

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look beyond the theoretical barrier that divides the school of psychotherapy from another in an effort to define what is common among the school of therapy and what is useful in each of them integrates techniques and principles from multiple therapeutic modalities and theoretical orientations

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Group therapy, family therapy, and marital therapy are all forms of psychotherapy that involve multiple individuals participating in therapy sessions. While they share some similarities, each modality has its own focus, goals, and techniques tailored to the dynamics and needs of the group or relationship.

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Computer-assisted therapy refers to the use of technology, particularly computer software and digital tools, to supplement or enhance traditional therapeutic approaches. This form of therapy can take various forms and may include both self-guided interventions and therapist-guided treatments.

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- mental wellness as balance of physical, mental, emotional, spiritual]mental wellness as a continuum and multi-levelled:individual,family , community meaning it can be examined through the lens of other around the individual

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Computer programs are as capable as skilled clinicians of obtaining information from clients and reaching an accurate diagnosis, and are less expensive and more time-efficient

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Yes, based on stats average psychotherapy client was better off than 75-80% of the client who remained untreated

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states that all psychotherapeutic techniques are equally effective in the end

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-the mobilization of hope - the attention and support provided by the therapist, -the development of a good working alliance between the client and therapist (necessary for some).The variable that stands out more than any other as important to successful psychotherapy is the quality of the therapeutic alliance. Correlation with outcome is typically in the range of 0.20 -All of these are the benefits of psychotherapy

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Mental-health care practitioners have become increasingly sensitive to Canada’s multicultural make up

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looks at whether the patient is dangerous to others and themselves Civil commitment (psychiatric commitment): involuntary hospitalization of a patient the textbook definition: legal process involved in placing an individual in a psychiatric institution even against his or her will. also called psychiatric commitment - having a mental disorder - likely to harm themselves or others - unsuitable for admission to a facility other than as a moral patient it is important to know mental disorder and the risk of harm being done with farther degeneration Legal commitment (NCRMD: Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder. this means the person is incapable of understanding the implication and effect of their action textbook definition: legal process involved in confining a person found "not criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder" in a psychiatric institution. also called criminal commitment community treatment order (CTOs): a tool to help patients comply with treatment while in the community. Its purpose is to break the cycle of involuntary hospitalization,

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- Psychopathy: Psychopathy Checklist: tool that is commonly used to assess the presence and extent of psychopathy in individuals—most often those institutionalized in the criminal justice system—and to differentiate those high in this trait from those with antisocial personality disorder, a related diagnosable disorder - The Post Hoc Problem: an argument that draws the conclusion that one event is directly caused by another event without evidence to prove this - Leaping From the General to the Specific an over prediction of dangerousness due to inaccurate prediction in general

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- Incapable of participating in their own defence - Can’t distinguish between pleas - Doesn’t understand the purpose of trial - Cannot communicate with counsel rationally or make critical decisions on counsel’s advice - Is unable to take the stand to testify

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duty to warn (tarasoff ruling)

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- right to treatment: first provide the least invasive treatment - right to refuse treatment - form 15 treatment order criteria 1. Likely to improve with treatment. 2. . Likely to get worse without treatment. 3. The benefit of treatment outweighs the risks of the treatment. 4. The treatment is the least limiting and invading of all possible measures that meet the first three conditions

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Differential diagnosis ensures that doctors consider all possibilities before they make a diagnosis for a patient's illness. It involves making a list of all possible explanations for a patient's symptoms and eliminating each one until only the correct diagnosis is left

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Anxiety is a general state of apprehension or foreboding. – Adaptive when it prompts us to seek medical attention, to study for an upcoming test or avoid a dangerous situation. – Maladaptive when the level of anxiety is out of proportion to the level of threat or when it occurs out of the blue, not in response to environmental changes. ex: putting your hands on a hot stove * Common: Most people experience it in varying degrees

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- panic disorder with Agoraphobia without Agoraphobia -Agoraphobia without hx of panic disorder - specific disorder - Social Phobia - Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Postraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Acute Stress Disorder - anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition - substance-induced anxiety disorder * Most are more common in females than males.

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the fear that anxiety symptoms are somehow dangerous (enough to kill the individual)

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the tendency to interpret the ambiguous behavior of other as hostile even when other have no such intention

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obligation imposed on therapist to warn third parties of threat made against them by the therapists' clients. in the united states, the tarasoff case established the legal basis for duty-to-warn provision. although US law does not applying canada, the canadian psychological association states that ethically therapists have a duty to warn

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based on the belief that when a criminal act derives from a distorted state of mind and not from the exercise of free will , the individual should not be punished but rather treated for the underlying mental disorder Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD) is canada's version of the insanity disorder

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it is the building block of panic disorder according to the DSM-5/TR: it is a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in which four or more of the following symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes the symptoms are: -palpitation, pounding heart, accelerated heart rate - sweating - trembling or shaking - sensation of shortness of breath or smothering - feeling of choking - chest pain or discomfort - nausea or abdominal distress - feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint -derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself) - fear of losing control or going crazy - fear of dying - paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations) - chills or hot flushes there can be culturally bound symptoms

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Situationally predisposed attacks are defined as those occurring in situations where the patient experiences attacks with a higher probability, but not regularly. Situationally bound attacks are defined as those that occur exclusively and regularly in certain situations

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it is recurrent unexpected panic attacks and at least one of the attacks has been followed by one month or more of one or more of the following – (a) persistent concern about having additional attacks– (b) worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences (e.g., losing control, having a heart attack, "going crazy") – (c) a significant change in behavior related to the attacks

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- The Panic Attacks are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism). - The Panic Attacks are not better accounted for by another mental disorder - 1-5% prevalence (lifetime) -anxiety sensitivity

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(fear of the market place) accompanies panic attacks in a large minority of cases (30 – 50%; other writers report up to 75%). textbook definition: a fear of place and situations from which it might be difficult or embarrassing to escape in the event of panicky symptoms or of situation in which help may be unavailable if such problems occur. it is usually fear of having another panic attack that is most impairing.Makes treatment less likely unless patient gets strong support to attend, or psychologist makes house calls even though panic disorder and agoraphobia are separate disorders. people who develop panic disorder often report agoraphobia before the onset of a panic disorder more common in women than men Even without agoraphobia, panic disordered patients are often reluctant to discuss their episodes for fear of triggering another attack

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An anxiety disorder characterized by general feelings of dread, foreboding, and heightened states of sympathetic arousal they are chronic worriers and excessive uncontrollable worrying is considered the key feature of the disorder. They are excessively worried about life circumstance such as finance, the wellbeing of their children, social relationship, academics, feeling tense and more more common in women –Not linked to any one particular fear or trigger –Formerly referred to as free-floating anxiety *Freudian term

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- At least 6 months of "excessive anxiety and worry" about a variety of events and situations. Generally, "excessive" can be interpreted as more than would be expected for a particular situation or event. - . There is significant difficulty in controlling the anxiety and worry. If someone has a very difficult struggle to regain control, relax, or cope with the anxiety and worry, then this The requirement is met. - The presence for most days over the previous six months of 3 or more (only 1 for children) of the following symptoms: 1. Feeling wound-up, tense, or restless 2. . Easily becoming fatigued or worn-out 3. Concentration problems 4. irritability 5. significant tension in muscles 6. difficult with sleep

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- specific phobia (claustrophobia) - social phobia - agoraphobia people with phobias are not of touch with reality; they generally recognize that their fears are excessive or unreasonable

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1. animal types 2. natural environment 3. blood-injection-injury 4. situation type 5. other types such phobias of choking or contracting an illness

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yes, as the age of onset appears to reflect the level of physical and cognitive development and life experiences as young children tend to have phobias of animals teenagers tend to have phobias of social adults tend to have agora or claustrophobia

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jumpiness, jitters, increased perspiration and heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea

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the need to escape or avoid a situation, agitation, clinginess, need for reassurance

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excessive and prolonged worrying, overly aware of bodily sensations, jumbled thoughts, nagging thoughts

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- Marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation (e.g. flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood) - Exposure to the phobic stimulus almost invariably provokes an immediate anxiety response, which may take the form of a situationally bound or situationally pre disposed panic attack. Note: in children, the anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing or clinging. - The person recognizes that the fear is excessive and unreasonable. Note: in children this feature may be absent. - The phobic situation is avoided or is endured with intense anxiety or distress. - The avoidance, anxious anticipation, or distress in the feared situation(s) interferes significantly with a person’s routine, occupational (or academic) functioning, or social activities or relationships or there is a marked distress about having the phobia. - In individuals under the age of 18 years the duration is at least 6 months.

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Obsession: An intrusive, unwanted, and recurrent thought, image, or urge that seems beyond a person’s ability to control. Compulsion: A repetitive behaviour or mental act that a person feels compelled or driven to perform

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it is among the mildest of psychological disorders. it is a maladaptive reaction to an identified stressor that develops within a few months of the onest of the stressor the maladaptive reaction is characterized by significant impairment in social, occupational academic functioning or by states of emotional distress that exceed those normally induced by the stressor the maladaptive reason may be resolved if the stressor is removed or the individual learns to cope with it. if the maladaptive reaction lasts for more than six months after the stressor has been removed the diagnosis may be changed

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A traumatic stress reaction occurs in the days and weeks following exposure to a traumatic event. – A prolonged reaction to a traumatic event that threatened death or serious injury to one’s own or another’s physical safety

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disorder involving impaired functioning following exposur ot a traumatic experiences such as combat, physical assault or rape, or natural or technological disaster in which the person experiences for at least one month such problem as reliving or re-experiencing the trauma, intense fear, avoidance of evtn, related stimuli, generalized numbing of emotional responsiveness and heightened autonomic arousal

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* Extreme anxiety or dissociation (feelings of detachment from one’s self or one’s environment) * Intrusive memories & flashbacks (chronic reexperiencing, extremely vivid, may feel like they’re back in the situation) * Heightened arousal or vigilance * Difficulty concentrating associated with PTSD and ASD

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Anxiety is warning sign that some unconscious conflict is approaching consciousness Projection: anxiety is brought about by the perception that some external threat is posed by someone or something else onto the phobia object ex: a person avoid height since they have a unconscious wish to jump * Anxiety likely to be more specific in focus* Displacement: anxiety more likely to be generalized.

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O hobart Mower's theory that both operant and classical conditioning are involved in the acquisition by means of classical conditioning (pairing a previously neutral stimulus with a aversive stimulus) and the avoidance component of acquired by means of operant conditioning (relief from anxiety negatively reinforces avoidance behavior)

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The reason we seem to develop phobias to some things more readily than others – a diathesis

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* Self-defeating or irrational beliefs * Oversensitivity to threat * Anxiety sensitivity * Misattributions for panic attacks

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loop subjective threat (increase heart rate, sweating and more) -> misinterpretation of bodily sensation (i'm going to have a heart attack) -> intensification of bodily sensation -> increased anxiety and fear

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genetic factors: * Higher concordance rates MZ twins (high genetic similarity) than DZ for many anxiety disorder * Neuroticism (trait that reflects a person's level of emotional stability). people with high level of neuroticism tend to cope poorly with stress and frequently experiences feeling anxiety, anger, guilt and depression, they have increased risk of developing anxiety disorder and other emotional problem -GABA inhibitory neurotransmitters play a role in regulating anxiety, if low on it there will be increased anxiety - Benzodiazepines: anti-anxiety - Biological Aspects of Panic Disorder: people with biological basis for panic disorder than without it are likely to experiences panicky symptoms in response to certain biological changelle (* Hyperventilation – Can bring about panic-like symptoms) - Biological Aspects of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: involves heightened arousal of a particular anxiety circuit, a neural network in the brain involved in signaling danger

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* Not all people who experience traumatic events develop related phobias or anxiety reactions. * Some people may inherit a genetic predisposition (diathesis) that makes them respond with greater negative arousal or makes them more likely to panic in response to changes in bodily sensations.* Whether anxiety gets out of control may depend on another vulnerability factor, anxiety sensitivity the behavioural, biological, emotional and cognitive, social environmental factors work together in the development of disorder

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Psychodynamic Approaches * Free association and psychoanalysis to resolve the deeper conflict. * Phobic objects are symbolic of those conflicts. Humanistic Approaches * Unconditional positive regard allows integration of inauthentic social presentation with authentic self. Biological Approaches * Antidepressants SSRIs / SNRIs - Less likely to have enduring benefit than CBT Cognitive Approaches * Irrational beliefs, bolstering self-efficacy, individual meaning, regular “worry periods” (Borkevic, 1985) Learning-Based Approaches * Best approaches combine exposure with response prevention * Systematic Desensitization * Fear-Stimulus Hierarchy * Gradual Exposure * Behavioural Treatment of Social Phobia * Behavioural Treatment of Agoraphobia * Behavioural Treatment of Obsessive-compulsive disorder * Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment of Generalized Anxiety* Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment of Panic Disorder Virtual reality research. For Combat vets with PTSDThe system contains eye-tracking software to study a person’s response when exposed to a virtual combat environment

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It’s important to realize that treatment for anxiety disorders often improves the condition significantly, but doesn’t necessarily eliminate it completely.

psych 239 midterm 1 Flashcards

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