Sociology 1

Question 1

shared products of a human group or society; may either be nonmaterial or material

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

when a group of people within a society has a style of living that includes features of the main culture and also certain cultural elements not found in other groups

Answer 2

subculture

Question 3

when a subculture challenges the values, beliefs, ideals and other elements of the dominant culture

Answer 3

counterculture

Question 4

an idea shared by the people in a society about what is good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable

Answer 4

value

Question 5

expectations of how people are supposed to act, think, or feel in specific situations

Answer 5

norms

Question 6

norms that have little strength and may within limits, be easily broken

Answer 6

Folkways

Question 7

strongly held norms that are considered essential and which are strictly enforced

Answer 7

mores

Question 8

norms that have been enacted by the state to regulate human contact

Answer 8

laws

Question 9

each culture carries a distinct and different element

Answer 9

cultural diversity

Question 10

the principle holds that one cannot truly understand or evaluate culture except in terms of the larger culture and society which they are part of

Answer 10

cultural relativism

Question 11

tendency to evaluate other cultures in terms of one’s own and to consider one’s own culture as superior

Answer 11

Ethnocentrism

Question 12

belief that the views, styles or products of other cultures are better than those of one’s own culture

Answer 12

Xenocentrism

Question 13

results when there is cultural integration

Answer 13

Cultural changes

Question 14

source of a cultural change where there is a production of a new culture trait

Answer 14

Innovation

Question 15

source of a cultural change where there is a creation of new cultural products

Answer 15

invention

Question 16

souces of cultural change which is a process by which cultural traits are transmitted from one group of society to another

Answer 16

Cultural diffusion

Question 17

occurs when cultural traits are logically consistent with one another, but may be logical inconsistent or simply neutral in relation to one another

Answer 17

cultural integration

Question 18

socially defined position in a group or society

Answer 18

social status

Question 19

status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general social position

Answer 19

Master status

Question 20

status that can be gained by a person’s direct effort usually through competition

Answer 20

Achieved status

Question 21

a social position to which a person is assigned according to standards that are beyond his or her control

Answer 21

ascribed status

Question 22

behavior expected of someone with a given status in a group or society

Answer 22

social roles

Question 23

whole set of roles associated with a single status

Answer 23

role set

Question 24

society’s definition of the way a role ought to be played

Answer 24

role expectation

Question 25

the way a person usually plays a role

Answer 25

role performance

Question 26

situation whereby opposing demands are made on a person with two or more roles

Answer 26

role conflict

Question 27

personal stress caused by such opposing demands in role conflict

Answer 27

role strain

Question 28

social structure wherein individual relationships are based on common feelings, kinship, or memberships on the community (communal)

Answer 28

Gemeinschaft

Question 29

social structure where rational order, neutral involvement, and obligations to institutions are dominant (associational)

Answer 29

Gesellschaft

Question 30

social structure where members are held together because they perform similar roles and share the same values

Answer 30

Mechanical Solidarity

Question 31

social structure where members are held together because they perform very specialized roles and are therefore highly dependent on each other

Answer 31

organic solidarity

Question 32

social structure where there is little division of labor, family is the most important unit, social relationships are personal and long lasting, and behavior is governed mostly by custom and tradition

Answer 32

communal society

Question 33

social structure where division of labor and roles are highly specialized, family loses influence and many of its activities are replaced by other institutions

Answer 33

associational society

Question 34

the process through which people acquire personality and learn the ways of a society or group; occurs through social interaction

Answer 34

socialization

Question 35

the process in which people act toward or response to others in a mutual and reciprocal way

Answer 35

social interaction

Question 36

defined as two or more people who have a common identity and some feeling of unity and who share certain goals and expectations about each other's behavior

Answer 36

social group

Question 37

refers to the breakdown of social institutions

Answer 37

social disorganization

Question 38

behavior that violates the social norms of a group or society

Answer 38

deviance

Question 39

a type of deviance where there is an accepting of goals but rejecting society's means of achievement

Answer 39

innovation

Question 40

a type of deviance where people accept the means but not the goals

Answer 40

ritualism

Question 41

a type of deviance where people reject both the goals and the means

Answer 41

retreatism

Question 42

a type of deviance where people reject the goals and all the means and substitute new ones

Answer 42

rebellion

Question 43

means or ways to condition or limit the actions of people in order to make them want to conform to social norms most of the time

Answer 43

social control

Question 44

extreme system of stratified inequality in which freedom is denied to one group in a society

Answer 44

slavery

Question 45

system of stratified inequality in which status is largely determined at birth and people are locked into their parent's social positions

Answer 45

caste

Question 46

social stratification associated with type of agrarian society similar to feudalism

Answer 46

estate

Question 47

three dimensions of social stratification as classified by Max Weber

Answer 47

wealth, power, prestige

Question 48

theory which states that inequality is not only required to the functioning of the society but is also inevitable

Answer 48

Functionalist

Question 49

theory which states that social inequality is not a necessary part of the operation of society but rather, the desirables of the society are in limited supply and the powerful determine which groups of people will fill which jobs

Answer 49

Conflict

Question 50

theory which states that power, based on economics and political leadership and some inequality are important in the functioning of the society

Answer 50

Lenski's theory

Question 51

refers to the movement of a person from one status or social class to another

Answer 51

social mobility

Question 52

any group in a society that consists of people whose particular biological traits cause them to become the object of prejudice or discrimination

Answer 52

minority group

Question 53

absorption of an incoming group into the dominant society

Answer 53

assimilation

Question 54

biological merging of an ethnic or racial group with the native population

Answer 54

amalgamation

Question 55

pattern of partial assimilation by which the dominant society allows minorities to achieve full participation, yet at the same time lets them keep many of their social difference

Answer 55

cultural pluralism

Question 56

process by which a dominant group causes the deaths of a large number of minoruty group member

Answer 56

annihilation

Question 57

forcing people out of an area of a society

Answer 57

expulsion

Question 58

political reorganization of a nation in order to make political boundaries correspond more closely to ethnic or racial ones

Answer 58

partitioning

Question 59

involuntary separation of residential areas, services on the basis of the ethnic or racial characteristics of the people using them

Answer 59

segregation

Question 60

social role associated with being a male or a female

Answer 60

gender role

Question 61

conception of ourselves as either male or female

Answer 61

gender identity