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NMAT 2021 > Sociology 1 > Flashcards

Sociology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

shared products of a human group or society; may either be nonmaterial or material

A

Culture

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2
Q

when a group of people within a society has a style of living that includes features of the main culture and also certain cultural elements not found in other groups

A

subculture

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3
Q

when a subculture challenges the values, beliefs, ideals and other elements of the dominant culture

A

counterculture

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4
Q

an idea shared by the people in a society about what is good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable

A

value

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5
Q

expectations of how people are supposed to act, think, or feel in specific situations

A

norms

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6
Q

norms that have little strength and may within limits, be easily broken

A

Folkways

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7
Q

strongly held norms that are considered essential and which are strictly enforced

A

mores

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8
Q

norms that have been enacted by the state to regulate human contact

A

laws

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9
Q

each culture carries a distinct and different element

A

cultural diversity

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10
Q

the principle holds that one cannot truly understand or evaluate culture except in terms of the larger culture and society which they are part of

A

cultural relativism

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11
Q

tendency to evaluate other cultures in terms of one’s own and to consider one’s own culture as superior

A

Ethnocentrism

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12
Q

belief that the views, styles or products of other cultures are better than those of one’s own culture

A

Xenocentrism

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13
Q

results when there is cultural integration

A

Cultural changes

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14
Q

source of a cultural change where there is a production of a new culture trait

A

Innovation

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15
Q

source of a cultural change where there is a creation of new cultural products

A

invention

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16
Q

souces of cultural change which is a process by which cultural traits are transmitted from one group of society to another

A

Cultural diffusion

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17
Q

occurs when cultural traits are logically consistent with one another, but may be logical inconsistent or simply neutral in relation to one another

A

cultural integration

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18
Q

socially defined position in a group or society

A

social status

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19
Q

status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general social position

A

Master status

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20
Q

status that can be gained by a person’s direct effort usually through competition

A

Achieved status

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21
Q

a social position to which a person is assigned according to standards that are beyond his or her control

A

ascribed status

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22
Q

behavior expected of someone with a given status in a group or society

A

social roles

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23
Q

whole set of roles associated with a single status

A

role set

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24
Q

society’s definition of the way a role ought to be played

A

role expectation

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25
Q

the way a person usually plays a role

A

role performance

26
Q

situation whereby opposing demands are made on a person with two or more roles

A

role conflict

27
Q

personal stress caused by such opposing demands in role conflict

A

role strain

28
Q

social structure wherein individual relationships are based on common feelings, kinship, or memberships on the community (communal)

A

Gemeinschaft

29
Q

social structure where rational order, neutral involvement, and obligations to institutions are dominant (associational)

A

Gesellschaft

30
Q

social structure where members are held together because they perform similar roles and share the same values

A

Mechanical Solidarity

31
Q

social structure where members are held together because they perform very specialized roles and are therefore highly dependent on each other

A

organic solidarity

32
Q

social structure where there is little division of labor, family is the most important unit, social relationships are personal and long lasting, and behavior is governed mostly by custom and tradition

A

communal society

33
Q

social structure where division of labor and roles are highly specialized, family loses influence and many of its activities are replaced by other institutions

A

associational society

34
Q

the process through which people acquire personality and learn the ways of a society or group; occurs through social interaction

A

socialization

35
Q

the process in which people act toward or response to others in a mutual and reciprocal way

A

social interaction

36
Q

defined as two or more people who have a common identity and some feeling of unity and who share certain goals and expectations about each other’s behavior

A

social group

37
Q

refers to the breakdown of social institutions

A

social disorganization

38
Q

behavior that violates the social norms of a group or society

A

deviance

39
Q

a type of deviance where there is an accepting of goals but rejecting society’s means of achievement

A

innovation

40
Q

a type of deviance where people accept the means but not the goals

A

ritualism

41
Q

a type of deviance where people reject both the goals and the means

A

retreatism

42
Q

a type of deviance where people reject the goals and all the means and substitute new ones

A

rebellion

43
Q

means or ways to condition or limit the actions of people in order to make them want to conform to social norms most of the time

A

social control

44
Q

extreme system of stratified inequality in which freedom is denied to one group in a society

A

slavery

45
Q

system of stratified inequality in which status is largely determined at birth and people are locked into their parent’s social positions

A

caste

46
Q

social stratification associated with type of agrarian society similar to feudalism

A

estate

47
Q

three dimensions of social stratification as classified by Max Weber

A

wealth, power, prestige

48
Q

theory which states that inequality is not only required to the functioning of the society but is also inevitable

A

Functionalist

49
Q

theory which states that social inequality is not a necessary part of the operation of society but rather, the desirables of the society are in limited supply and the powerful determine which groups of people will fill which jobs

A

Conflict

50
Q

theory which states that power, based on economics and political leadership and some inequality are important in the functioning of the society

A

Lenski’s theory

51
Q

refers to the movement of a person from one status or social class to another

A

social mobility

52
Q

any group in a society that consists of people whose particular biological traits cause them to become the object of prejudice or discrimination

A

minority group

53
Q

absorption of an incoming group into the dominant society

A

assimilation

54
Q

biological merging of an ethnic or racial group with the native population

A

amalgamation

55
Q

pattern of partial assimilation by which the dominant society allows minorities to achieve full participation, yet at the same time lets them keep many of their social difference

A

cultural pluralism

56
Q

process by which a dominant group causes the deaths of a large number of minoruty group member

A

annihilation

57
Q

forcing people out of an area of a society

A

expulsion

58
Q

political reorganization of a nation in order to make political boundaries correspond more closely to ethnic or racial ones

A

partitioning

59
Q

involuntary separation of residential areas, services on the basis of the ethnic or racial characteristics of the people using them

A

segregation

60
Q

social role associated with being a male or a female

A

gender role

61
Q

conception of ourselves as either male or female

A

gender identity

NMAT 2021 (8 decks)

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