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NMAT 2021 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Single-stranded nucleic acid that carries our the instructions coded in DNA

A

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

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2
Q

The process by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA –> RNA –> Protein

A

Central Dogma of Biology

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3
Q

A chain of amino acids

A

Polypeptide

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4
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or start/stop signal during translation

A

Codon

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5
Q

Process during which a DNA sequence of a gene is copied to make an RNA molecule

A

Transcription

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6
Q

Process during which an mRNA molecule is used to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains

A

Translation

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7
Q

A change in genetic sequence

A

Mutation

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8
Q

Chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait within a family across generations

A

Pedigree

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9
Q

The genetic makeup of an organism (ex:TT)

A

Genotype

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10
Q

The physical characteristics of an organism (ex:tall)

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

Allele that is phenotypically expressed over another allele

A

Dominant Allele

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12
Q

Allele that is only expressed in absence of a dominant allele

A

Recessive Allele

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13
Q

Trait that is located on an autosome (non-sex chromosome)

A

Autosomal Trait

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14
Q

Trait that is located on one of the two sex chromosomes

A

Sex-linked trait

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15
Q

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

A

Homozygous

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16
Q

Having two different alleles for a particular gene

A

Heterozygous

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17
Q

Father of Modern Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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18
Q

has a double helix structure, backbone made up of sugar and phosphate, and rung is a pair of bases; genetic material of living organisms

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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19
Q

process in which DNA replicates (splitting of ladder and copy pasting of bases)

A

Replication

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20
Q

messenger between DNA and outside of nucleus

A

mRNA

21
Q

brings codon and amino acid together

A

tRNA

22
Q

a part of DNA that codes for a specific protein

A

Gene

23
Q

double ringed bases; purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

24
Q

single ringed bases; pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

25
Q

specific variation of the gene

A

Allele

26
Q

the mixing or blending of traits; two alleles may produce an intermediate phenotype when both are present

A

Incomplete dominance

27
Q

law which states that genes are found on different chromosomes; the alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

A

Law of Independent Assortment

28
Q

law which states that when an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one gene copy which is selected randomly

A

Law of Segregation

29
Q

real population have multiple alleles of a given gene

A

Multiple Alleles

30
Q

two alleles may be simultaneously expressed when both are present

A

Codominance

31
Q

some genes affect many different characteristics

A

Pleiotropy

32
Q

some genes have alleles that prevent survival when homo or heteo

A

Lethal alleles

33
Q

genes carried on sex chromosomes show different inheritance patterns than genes on autosomal chromosomes

A

Sex-linkage

34
Q

recessive alleles of two different genes may give same phenotype

A

complementary genes

35
Q

the alleles of one gene may mask or conceal the alleles of another gene

A

epistasis

36
Q

some characteristics are controlled by a number of different genes

A

Polygenic Inheritance

37
Q

not all individuals with a genotype display a corresponding phenotype

A

incomplete penetrance

38
Q

where majority of DNA in nucleus of eukaryotes are found

A

nuclear DNA

39
Q

a group of basic proteins that give DNA structure and organize it

A

histones

40
Q

the complex of DNA plus histones and other structural proteins

A

Chromatin

41
Q

number of chromosomes and chromosome pair in human body

A

46 chromosomes; 23 pairs (diploid,2n)

42
Q

two copies of a chromosome

A

Sister Chromatids

43
Q

proteins that attach sister chromatids together

A

Cohesins

44
Q

point in which attachment between sister chromatids are the strongest

A

Centromere

45
Q

one strand in duplicated DNA

A

chromatid

46
Q

DNA makes up __

A

genes

47
Q

genes make up __

A

chromosomes

48
Q

chromosomes make up __

A

genome

NMAT 2021 (8 decks)

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