Biochemistry Flashcards
most abundant organic molecule in nature
carbohydrate
monomer is a monosaccharide, polymer is polysaccharide
carbohydrate
common ratio is Cn(H2O)n “hydrate of carbon”
carbohydrate
functions include energy sources and structural elements
carbohydrate
macromolecules are linked together by a process called dehydration synthesis/ condensation (removal of water) and are broken down to their component monosaccharides through hydrolysis
carbohydrate
a process where monomers are joined together to form disaccharides via the removal of water
condensation / dehydration
a process that split polymers by adding water
hydrolysis
the bond that is formed in condensation / dehydration reactions (linking of monosaccharides together)
glycosidic bond
what type of carbohydrate is glucose?
monosaccharide
what type of carbohydrate is fructose?
monosaccharide
what type of carbohydrate is galactose?
monosaccharide
what type of carbohydrate is mannose?
monosaccharide
the most abundant monosaccharide
glucose
fruit sugar
fructose
constituent of lactose
galactose
monosaccharide that is important in human metabolism
mannose
what type of carbohydrate is lactose?
disaccharide
glucose + galactose
lactose
what type of carbohydrate is maltose?
disaccharide
glucose + glucose
maltose
what type of carbohydrate is sucrose?
disaccharide
glucose + fructose
sucrose
3-10 monosaccharide units joined by O-glycosidic bonds
oligosaccharides
the usual function of monosaccharides
energy source
the usual function of oligosaccharides
sugar transport
the usual function of polysaccharides
structural role
functions as a catalyst (enzymes), structural role ( collagen), movement (actin and tubulin), defense, regulation (hormones insulin), transport (hemoglobin), and storage
Proteins
bonds that link together amino acids
peptide bonds
the four levels of protein structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
chemical groups that form proteins
carboxyl group, amino group, R group (side chain)
level of protein structure where the focus is the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Primary
level of protein structure where the focus is the folding of the sequence of amino acids either the alpha helix or the beta-plated sheet arrangement of
Secondary
level of protein structure = Folding that occurs in the 3D shape of a functional protein due to the R groups (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)
Tertiary
level of protein structure = looking at a protein consisting of more than one polypeptide chain
Quarternary
protein that help in the folding process
Chaperonins
Lipids are defined by their ___ property
water-repelling
the structure of lipids
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (also contain non-polar hydrocarbon groups)
functions of lipids
transport, storage, insulation
the type of lipid that is liquid at room temperature
oil
the type of lipid that is solid at room temperature
wax
the three types of lipids
oil (saturated and unsaturated), waxes, phospholipids
the two forms of phospholipids in an aqueous environment
micelle and phospholipids bilayer
a modified fat with a hydrophilic head (polar head) and two hydrophobic (lipid portion) tail, major component of cell membranes (lipid bilayer that is semi-permiable)
Phospholipids
pure single bonds, fat
saturated
single bonds with double bonds, oil
unsaturated
lipids that consist of fats and oils
triglycerides
composition of fatty acids
methyl group, hydrocarbon chain, acid group
composition of triglycerides
glycerol and 3 fatty acid chain
composition of phospholipids
phosphate group, glycerol, two fatty acids
the monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
the bond that connects nucleotides together
phosphodiester bonds
organic molecule that is involved in heredity, protein synthesis, and as energy carriers
nucleic acids
the three components of a nucleotide
nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group
the 5 nitrogenous bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
the bond that connects base pairs
hydrogen bond
