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NMAT 2021 > Social Sciences 2 > Flashcards

Social Sciences 2 Flashcards

1
Q

when one changes behavior to match other people’s behavior

A

conformity

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2
Q

when one changes behavior as a response to a request to change

A

compliance

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3
Q

persuasion method where the persuader does something small in order to catch the target’s interest, before moving on to what he really wants (Will you help me buy ingredients to will you help me bake the cake)

A

Foot in the door technique

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4
Q

The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down,

A

Door in the face technique

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5
Q

persuasion technique where one gives an additional benefit at the last minute that makes people think that they’re getting the gift of a special offer

A

Thats not all technique

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6
Q

A person using the technique will present an attractive offer at first. The offer will be attractive enough for the other party to it. Then, before finalising the agreement, the person will then change the offer. (Oops does not include taxes)

A

Lowball Technique

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7
Q

compliance to request of an authority figure

A

Obedience

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8
Q

the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone. They tend to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex or new ones.

A

Social facilitation (audience effect)

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9
Q

the distinct dissociation from and lack of involvement in relations with other people

A

Social impairment

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10
Q

the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone

A

social loafing

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11
Q

learning to survive and prosper in another’s culture. If you belong to a minority in a country and retain your own culture, but cannot be remained isolated in such a way that you adapt and change to some aspects of the majority culture

A

Acculturation

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12
Q

a people of a culture learns to adapt the ways of the majority in such a way that there occurs a migration or loss of one’s own in terms of cultural aspects. It becomes your culture

A

Assimilation

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13
Q

psychologist who introduced the ideal self vs. real self

A

Carl Rogers

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14
Q

this refers to a person’s subjective reality, which includes external objects and people as well as internal thoughts and emotions

A

Phenomenal Field

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15
Q

the person that you would like to be

A

Ideal self

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16
Q

the person you actually are

A

Real self

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17
Q

an optical illusion in which stationary objects shown in rapid succession, transcending the threshold at which they can be perceived separately, appear to move.

A

Phi Phenomenon

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18
Q

elements of culture that are used to represent a particular meaning of something that people who share the same culture can easily recognize

A

Symbols

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19
Q

an element of culture that is a system of symbols that permits people to communicate with one another

A

Language

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20
Q

an element of culture that are culturally defined principles of desirability, goodness, beauty, and many other things that serves as broad guidelines for social living

A

Values

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21
Q

an element of culture that are certain words that people hold to be true

A

Beliefs

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22
Q

an element of culture that are rules and expectations by which a society directs the conducts of its members.

A

Norms

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23
Q

this occurs in operant conditioning when a particular behavior strengthens or increases in the hope of experiencing a positive action or behavior (student does his homework because he knows he will be rewarded)

A

Positive reinforcement

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24
Q

occurs in operant conditioning where a particular behavior strengthens or increases in the hope that a negative consequence can be avoided. Engage in action to avoid a result. ( If you do not complete your homework, give your teacher 5 dollars. You will complete your homework to avoid paying thus strengthening behavior of doing he)

A

Negative Reinforcement

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25
Q

in this concept, a particular behavior pattern decreases so as to avoid dealing with something unpleasant later (add something unpleasant)

A

Positive Punishment

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26
Q

in this, a particular behavior pattern decreases so that a positive stimulus or object is not taken away or removed (removes something desirable)

A

Negative Punishment

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27
Q

at this level of morality, we don’t have a personal code for morality. Authority is outside the individual and reasoning is based on the physical consequences of actions

A

Preconventional Morality (Level 1)

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28
Q

at this level of morality, we begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models. Reasoning is based on the norms of the group to which the person belongs

A

Conventional Morality (Level 2)

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29
Q

at this level of morality, individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles.

A

Post-conventional morality (Level 3)

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30
Q

a type of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single party holds power.

A

Communist

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31
Q

a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution

A

Constitutional Democracy

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32
Q

a form of government in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them

A

democratic republic

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33
Q

a form of government in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts retain a degree of self-government; voters chose their governmental representatives

A

Federal Republic

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34
Q

the scientific study of the nervous system

A

Neuroscience

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35
Q

a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body

A

Nervous system

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36
Q

those outside of the brain and spinal cord. Main function is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, relay between brain and spinal cord and rest of the body

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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37
Q

control system in the nervous system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate and digestion (fight or flight)

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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38
Q

division in the nervous system responsible for up and down regulating many homeostatic mechanisms in living organisms. Eye -dilates, heart -increases rate

A

Sympathetic Division

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39
Q

division in the nervous system that controls homeostasis and the body at rest and is responsible for the body’s rest and digest; restores body to state of calm

A

Parasymphatetic Division

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40
Q

the practice or state of being married to one person at a time.

A

Monogamy

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41
Q

the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time.

A

Polygamy

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42
Q

polygamy in which a man has more than one wife

A

polygyny

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43
Q

polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband

A

polyandry

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44
Q

the state of a community which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members

A

cenogamy

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45
Q

the relationship between man and a superhuman power he believes in and feels himself to be dependent upon

A

Religion

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46
Q

Religion: transmigration of the soul, cycle of rebirth, all life is sacred because all life has a soul, sacrifice of living creatures, believes in Karma

A

Hinduism

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47
Q

Derived from Hinduism, Goal is to free people from endless cycle of reincarnation; Main teachings: gentleness, compassion, ratonality, moderation

A

Buddhism

48
Q

Person who became a wandering ascetic monk to see a cure for his suffering, reached enlightenment, emerged from Nirvana (state of contemplation) and preached how others could attain Nirvana

A

Buddhism

49
Q

belief in one transcendent God who revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions.

A

Judaism

50
Q

From Judaism, Jesus of Nazareth is the founder; To believe in God, to do His will

A

Christianity

51
Q

Abrahamic monotheistic religion, teaching that Muhammad is a messenger of God. eaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and has guided humanity through prophets, revealed scriptures, and natural signs.

A

Islam

52
Q

the grouping of people according to some differences

A

Stratification

53
Q

a type of stratification determined by custom, occupation, rights, and obligations with respect to land and other legal sanctions; inherited from parents

A

Estates

54
Q

a type of stratification which is a rigid class distinction based on birth, wealth, or some other distinguishing factor

A

Castes

55
Q

a type of stratification which give points to various characteristics then add up and people within certain ranges of points are assigned to certain categories, Family is the basis

A

Social Classes

56
Q

the most powerful of all social institutions

A

Government

57
Q

a form of government based on a popular vote, elections decide who will be in power

A

Democracy

58
Q

a form of government where a single person or small groups has claims or power

A

Autocracy

59
Q

a type of autocracy characterized by limited monarchies with ceremonial roles

A

Absolute monarchy

60
Q

a type of autocracy ruled by a dictator or clique that forbids all activities that threaten its position

A

Authoritarian Autocracy

61
Q

a type of autocracy that wants to control all aspects of an individual’s life

A

Totalitarian Autocracy

62
Q

totalitarianism meant to be temporary and rule until true equality and freedom will have been achieved and totalitarian rule no longer has function

A

Communism

63
Q

not a mere temporary stage but a complete system capable of withstanding assults

A

Fascism

64
Q

the social process whereby individuals or groups differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society

A

Assimilation

65
Q

social process where there is a contest among individuals or groups to acquire something which has limited supply or insufficient in quantity and not easily available

A

Competition

66
Q

social processes that involves individuals or groups working together for the achievement of their individual or collective goal

A

Cooperation

67
Q

social process; means of increasing the complexity of a system, since each subsystem can make different connections with other subsystems

A

Differentiation

68
Q

social process; society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power

A

Stratification

69
Q

social process; process is the way in which we obtain and transmit culture

A

Enculturation

70
Q

of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line

A

Matrilineal

71
Q

is the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife’s parents

A

Matrilocal

72
Q

relating to or based on relationship to father or descent through the male line

A

Patrilineal

73
Q

terms referring to the social system in which a married couple resides with or near the husband’s parents

A

Patrilocal

74
Q

the outcome of a conscious mind reasoning about a specific subject

A

Internalization

75
Q

the process of teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs uncritically

A

Indoctrination

76
Q

a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases

A

Generalization

77
Q

the process of committing something to memory

A

Memorization

78
Q

refers to gathering primary data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey. It is a research method suited to an interpretative framework rather than to the scientific method

A

Fieldwork

79
Q

the branch of sociology that concentrates on the descriptive analysis of social phenomena

A

Sociography

80
Q

the systematic study of people and cultures. It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study

A

Ethnography

81
Q

diffusion or transmission of cultural characteristics or traits from the common society to all other societies

A

Diffusionism Theory

82
Q

the ability to see things socially and how they interact and influence each other

A

Sociological Imagination

83
Q

people who are thin and fine-boned; introverted, thoughtful, inhibited, sensitive

A

Ectomorph

84
Q

people who are rounded and soft; relaxed, comfortable, extroverted

A

Endomorph

85
Q

people who are square and muscular, active, dynamic, assertive

A

Mesomorph

86
Q

a belief in difference - a philosophy supporting diversity; religious tolerance, and multiculturalism

A

Pluralism

87
Q

to treat a particular group in society as if they are different from the other parts of society and as if their activities and interests are not important to other people

A

Ghettoization

88
Q

a non-probability sampling technique where samples are picked at the ease of a researcher more like convenience sampling

A

Consecutive sampling

89
Q

non-probability sampling where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher

A

Convenience Sampling

90
Q

also known as judgemental or subjective sampling; non-probability sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgement when choosing members of the population

A

Purposive Sampling

91
Q

non-probability sampling in which researchers look for a specific characteristic in their respondents

A

Quota Sampling

92
Q

part of the visual memory system which also includes long-term memory and visual short-term memory. It is a type of sensory memory that lasts just milliseconds before fading.

A

Iconic Memory

93
Q

it is a theory of decision-making with wide applicability to tasks involving detection, discrimination, identification, and choice

A

Signal detection

94
Q

being able to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli

A

Selective Attention

95
Q

the sequence of psychological steps that a person uses to organize and interpret information from the outside world

A

Perceptual Process

96
Q

love that is made up of all three components and is the total form

A

Consummate

97
Q

love with passion and commitment (excludes intimacy)

A

Fatuous

98
Q

characterized by commitment without intimacy or passion

A

Empty

99
Q

love that bonds people through intimacy and physical passion

A

Romantic

100
Q

eating disorder manisfested when a person refuses to eat an adequate amount of food or is unable to maintain the minimal weight for a person’s body mass index

A

Anorexia Nervosa

101
Q

recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food

A

binge eating

102
Q

consumption of substances with no significant nutritional value

A

Pica

103
Q

occur when there is one goal or event that has both positive and negative effects on characteristics that make the goal appealing and unappealing simultaneously.

A

Approach-avoidance conflict

104
Q

the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language

A

Morphology

105
Q

branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in spoken languages

A

Phonology

106
Q

the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning

A

Semantics

107
Q

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences

A

Syntax

108
Q

a cognitive framework that help organize and interpret information

A

Schema

109
Q

a graphic notation for representing knowledge in patterns of interconnected nodes

A

Semantic Networks

110
Q

design invlolves dividing the network into discrete layers

A

Hierarchical Network

111
Q

a perceptual phenomenon in which an appearance of motion occurs when the stimulus is not viewed continuously but in distinct separate stages.

A

Stroboscopic Motion

112
Q

a phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark environment appears to move

A

Autokinetic effect

113
Q

a monocular depth cue in which we view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects further away from us

A

Motion parallax

114
Q

the consciousness of a higher Self, transcendental reality or God

A

higher-level awareness

115
Q

the animal part of mankind which includes basic sensations such as hunger, thirst, pain and pleasure

A

lower-level awareness

116
Q

mental states in which the mind can be aware but is not in its usual wakeful condition

A

altered state of consciousness

117
Q

associations and impulses that are not accessible to consciousness

A

subconscious awareness

NMAT 2021 (8 decks)

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