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NMAT 2021 > Social Sciences > Flashcards

Social Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

The study of behavior and mental processes; study of how people think, act, and react and interact

A

Psychology

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2
Q

Study of mental disorders and their diagnosis, management, and prevention

A

Psychiatry

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3
Q

An MD who has completed residency training in psychiatry

A

Psychiatrist

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4
Q

The study of mental processes by specifying the elements of consciousness through introspection (Founded by Wilhelm Wundt the father of Psychology)

A

Structuralism

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5
Q

Addresses the social structure as a whole and in terms of the necessary function of its constituent element (Founded by William James)

A

Functionalism

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6
Q

A person who stated that life force/libido/sex drive influences the unconscious mind of a child’s personality

A

Sigmund Freud

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7
Q

Study of psychology that believes that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories

A

Psychoanalysis

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8
Q

Person who stated that Libido is not only sex drive but the desire to excel

A

Carl Jung

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9
Q

Study of psychology which states that “we experience things as unified beings”; configuration, form, holistic, structure, pattern.

A

Gestalt Psychology

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10
Q

Person who stated that “there are wholes, the behavior of which is not determined by that of their individual elements, but where the part-processes are themselves determined by the intrinsic nature of the whole”

A

Max Wertheimer (Gestalt Psychology)

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11
Q

Person who stated that “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

A

Wolfgang Kohler

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12
Q

Study of psychology which states that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces

A

Behaviorism

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13
Q

Initiated classical conditioning (Pavlov’s Dog)

A

Ivan Pavlov

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14
Q

Initiated Operant Conditioning (Skinner Box)

A

B.F. Skinner

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15
Q

Initiated the Little Albert Experiment ( Baby Albert was conditioned with loud noises to cry upon seeing a white rat)

A

John Watson

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16
Q

study of social arrangements to maintain peace and order within a given society

A

Political Science

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17
Q

study and analysis of social behavior of human beings in regards to allocation of scarce resources in order to meet the needs of each individual in the society

A

Economics

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18
Q

systematic study of relationships among people; assume that behavior is influenced by people’s social, political, occupational, and intellectual groupings & by the particular settings in which they find themselves at one time or another

A

Sociology

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19
Q

study of the similarities and differences of various cultures

A

Anthropology

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20
Q

branches of anthropology

A

physical, social, cultural, archaeology, and linguistic

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21
Q

influence of the evolution of natural environment on physical characteristics of human; also known as biological anthropology

A

Physical Anthropology

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22
Q

study of human culture and activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture

A

Archaeology

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23
Q

study of the natural environment and how it influences social and cultural development

A

Geography

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24
Q

study of past events; systematic attempt to learn about and verify past events and to relate them to one another and to the present involves: identifying, classifying, arranging, patterning

A

History

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25
Q

Observation, Problem, Hypothesis, Test (Gather and Analyze data), conclusion, report

A

The scientific method

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26
Q

type of research method that emphasizes objective measurement and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data using computational techniques

A

Quantitative

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27
Q

type of research that uses non-numerical data to interpret and analyze people’s experiences

A

Qualitative

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28
Q

experiment, observation (laboratory and naturalistic), case studies, surveys (interview and questionnaire)

A

Types of Research Methods

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29
Q

the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action, and artifacts that are passed on from generation to generation (structure x institutions x social groups)

A

Culture

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30
Q

part of a culture that comprises of complex systems functioning to serve the status quo

A

Structure

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31
Q

part of a culture enclosed in structures that has an established pattern of behavior

A

Institutions

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32
Q

more than one individual

A

social groups

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33
Q

basic unit of society

A

family

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34
Q

the social status of a person that is given from birth, and is beyond one’s control (race)

A

Ascribed Status

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35
Q

the social status that is acquired, and it is one’s social standing which depends on personal accomplishments

A

Achieved Status

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36
Q

the three elements of culture

A

social norms, social institutions, material products, language, social values

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37
Q

simple everyday customs of a group of people that represent usual ways of behaving; arbitrary rules and norms governing the countless behaviors that we engage in (factor under social norms)

A

Conventions

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38
Q

customs that need to be observed by all society members for the culture to survive; violations are not legally sanctioned but incur social punishment through peer disapproval (factor under social norm)

A

Mores

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39
Q

more exact, generally recorded, codified, and enforced as a means of securing public obedience; violations are legally sanctioned (fines, imprisonment) (factor under social norm)

A

Laws

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40
Q

customary patterns of everyday life that specify what is socially correct and proper in everyday life (factor under social norm)

A

Folkways

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41
Q

a norm that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust (ex. incest) (factor under social norm)

A

Taboos

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42
Q

An element of culture which is an established complex pattern of behavior in which a number of persons participate in order to further important group interests, provide order, coordination & avenue for social change

A

Social Institutions

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43
Q

An element of culture that consists of all the physical objects people have borrowed, discovered, or invented, and to which they have attached meaning

A

Material Products

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44
Q

An element of culture which is a body of words and system for usage common to a people of the same community or cultural tradition

A

Language

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45
Q

An element of culture which is the motivating power that makes institutions function effectively

A

Social Values

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46
Q

the degree to which a culture is internally consistent and homogenous; diverse versus unified culture

A

Cultural integration

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47
Q

circumstances that affect society; analogous to stimulus, catalyst

A

Social change

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48
Q

recognizing something that already exists for the first time, that nobody has found before

A

discovery

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49
Q

creating something totally new with one’s own ideas and development

A

invention

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50
Q

factors stabilizing culture

A

stability of social norms, habit, value attachment

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51
Q

adverse effects on people in society

A

social problems

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52
Q

source of social disorganization

A

cultural lag

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53
Q

idea that a person’s beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture

A

Cultural relativism

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54
Q

the belief that one’s culture is superior to another culture, and that their own culture showcases the best way to live life

A

Ethnocentrism

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55
Q

a theory which states that each part of the society contributes to the stability of the society (Emile Durkheim); focuses more on the macro-level of social culture

A

Functionalism

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56
Q

a theory which states that conflicts and tensions arise when status, power, and resources are not evenly distributed within social groups (Karl Marx)

A

Conflict Theory

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57
Q

a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationship among individuals within a society; communication is the way in which people make sense of their social worlds; people behave based on what they believe (George Mead and Max Weber)

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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58
Q

a theory that identifies and analyzes the structures and functions that underlie all cultural phenomena; society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

A

Structuralism

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59
Q

Theory built on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution; believes that cultural degeneration does not occur and that culture evolves from simple to complex

A

Evolutionism

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60
Q

social association in which individuals of a society are more inclined towards social community than their individual wants and needs

A

Gemeinschaft

61
Q

civil society in which individuals of a society give more importance to their personal needs and wants than the social community

A

Gesellschaft

62
Q

focuses on spatial interaction of human beings with each other with their physical environment; study of the diverse environments, places, and spaces of Earth’s surface and their interactions

A

Geography

63
Q

study of the number and characteristics of a population; concerned with factors that may be causing the population to increase or decrease

A

demography

64
Q

theory that believes that population tends to outrun the means of subsistence (Thomas Robert Malthus)

A

Malthusian Theory

65
Q

the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment

A

Ecology

66
Q

the sum of all external influences that impinge on the human organism; social and natural

A

Environment

67
Q

when each plant or animal species has adjusted to its environment and survived

A

Ecological balance

68
Q

Freud’s three levels of consciousness

A

Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious

69
Q

level of consciousness that holds everything you’re aware of

A

Conscious

70
Q

level of consciousness in which ordinary memory is stored and can readily be brought into conscious

A

Preconscious

71
Q

level of consciousness which is not directly accessible to awareness

A

Unconscious

72
Q

structure of the mind which is the pleasure principle, asks for immediate gratification

A

Id

73
Q

structure of the mind which is the reality principle; works by reason

A

Ego

74
Q

structure of the mind which is the morality principle; forms a person’s conscience

A

Super ego

75
Q

Freud’s first psychosexual stage where tension is reduced through oral activity such as eating, drinking, smoking, and biting nails

A

Oral Stage

76
Q

Freud’s second psychosexual stage where tension is reduced through the anal pathway. Has two 2 types of negative outcome namely: anal-retentive personality and anal expulsive personality

A

Anal Stage

77
Q

A type of anal personality where the person is stingy, with a compulsive seeking of order and tidiness (parents were strict during toilet training)

A

Anal-retentive personality

78
Q

A type of anal personality where the person has a lack of self-control, being messy and generally careless (parents were too lenient)

A

Anal-expulsive personality

79
Q

Freud’s third psychosexual stage where there is formation of personality through identification

A

Phallic Stage

80
Q

A process that boys experience of which they learn to identify with the same gender parent by acting as much like that parent as possible

A

Oedipus Complex (castration anxiety)

81
Q

A process that girls experience of which they learn to identify with the same gender parent by acting as much like that parent as possible

A

Electra Conflict (penis envy)

82
Q

Freud’s fourth psychosexual stage with the superego continues to develop while the Id’s energies are suppressed, more concerned with social relationships

A

Latency Period

83
Q

Freud’s fifth psychosexual stage where there is maturing of sexual interests, goal of this stage is to establish a balance between various life areas

A

Genital Stage

84
Q

Pavlov’s law which stated that for associations to be made, the two stimuli (unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus) had to be presented close together in time

A

Law of Temporal Contiguity

85
Q

Study of psychology that stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems (Pioneered by Abraham Maslow)

A

Humanism

86
Q

The 5 levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization

87
Q

A theory of social change which views evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new and unique directions

A

Theory of Social evolutionism

88
Q

Theory of social change which argues that events and stages of society and history are generally repeating themselves in cycles

A

Cycle theory of Social Change

89
Q

Sociologist who pioneered the conflict theory. The means of production of society include all of the physical elements that go into producing goods and services including the natural resources and means of distribution such as stores

A

Karl Marx

90
Q

Sociologist who argued that social facts have an independent existence greater and more objective than the actions of the individuals that compose society

A

Emile Durkheim

91
Q

Sociologist who argued that the religious ideas of groups such as the Calvinists played a role in creating capitalistic spirit

A

Max Weber

92
Q

The study of Abnormal behavior

A

Psychopathology

93
Q

A type of odd/eccentric personality disorder characterized by paranoia and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and mistrust of others

A

Paranoid

94
Q

a type of odd/eccentric personality disorder characterized by emotional aloofness and solitary habits, emotional coldness, distance and detached, indifferent to social relationships

A

Schizoid

95
Q

a type of odd/eccentric personality disorder marked by disturbed thoughts and behavior, unusual beliefs and fears, and difficulty with forming and maintaining relationships

A

Schizotypal

96
Q

A type of anxious/fearful personality disorder characterized by a pattern of severe social anxiety, social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and avoidance of social interaction despite a strong desire for intimacy

A

Avoidant

97
Q

a type of anxious/fearful personality disorder that refers to a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation

A

Dependent

98
Q

a type of anxious/fearful personality disorder characterized by excessive attention to details, mental and interpersonal control, and need to control one’s environment

A

OCD

99
Q

a type of dramatic/erratic personality disorder characterized by a pattern of disregard for or violation of the rights of others

A

Antisocial

100
Q

a type of dramatic/erratic personality disorder characterized by unstable sense of self, unstable emotions, impulsive, chronic feelings of emptiness

A

Borderline

101
Q

a type of dramatic/erratic personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking emotions, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval

A

Histrionic

102
Q

a type of dramatic/erratic personality disorder characterized by exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a lack of understanding of other’s feelings

A

Narcissistic

103
Q

social phobia, specific phobia, agoraphobia

A

phobic disorders

104
Q

type of anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks

A

Panic Disorders

105
Q

anxiety disorder that involves unwanted and disturbing thoughts, images, or urges that intrude into a child’s mind and cause a great deal of anxiety

A

OCD

106
Q

type of anxiety disorder where person experiences anxiety, nightmares and flashbacks as long as one month after exposure to major stressor

A

Acute Stress disorder

107
Q

anxiety disorder where person experience anxiety and nightmares more than one month after exposure to major stressor

A

Posttraumatic stress disorder

108
Q

anxiety disorder characterized by exaggerated anxiety and worry about everyday life events with no obvious reasons for worry

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

109
Q

type of defense mechanism where a person handles his desires and impulses by subduing it to the unconscious

A

Repression

110
Q

type of defense mechanism where a person attributes and projects his unwanted feelings to another person

A

Projection

111
Q

type of defense mechanism where a person chooses to refuse reality

A

denial

112
Q

type of defense mechanism where a person’s feelings and behavior are justified in a seemingly rational manner to avoid the true explanation

A

Rationalization

113
Q

type of defense mechanism where a person returns to a child state to escape the present in which he has a problem

A

regression

114
Q

type of defense mechanism where a person attempts to convince themselves and others that the opposite of what they’re experiencing is true

A

reaction formation

115
Q

type of defense mechanism where a person takes out frustrations, feelings, and impulses, on other people

A

displacement

116
Q

type of defense mechanism where a person’s unwanted emotional energy and impulses are transformed and applied to a socially acceptable activity

A

Sublimation

117
Q

Introduced by Charles Horton Cooley; it describes the development of one’s self and one’s identity through interpersonal interactions within the context of society; the view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us

A

Looking Glass Self

118
Q

First stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive development in which the infant knows the world through their movements and sensations

A

Sensorimotor Stage

119
Q

Second stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in which children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects

A

Preoperational Stage

120
Q

third stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development where children begin to think logically about concrete events

A

Concrete Operational Stage

121
Q

fourth stage of piaget’s theory of cognitive development where the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems

A

Formal Operational Stage

122
Q

Kinds of Neurotransmitters

A

sensory, motor, interneuron

123
Q

type of neurotransmitter that is involved in sleep and inhibition of movement / minimizing activities (inhibitory)

A

GABA

124
Q

type of neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, and appetite/ making you less worried (inhibitory)

A

Serotonin

125
Q

type of neurotransmitter involved in arousal, attention, memory and muscle contractions (excitatory)

A

Acetylcholine

126
Q

type of neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development / for memory (excitatory)

A

Glutamate

127
Q

type of neurotransmitter involved in control of movement and sensation of pleasure / for minimizing activities (inhibitory)

A

Dopamine

128
Q

type of neurotransmitter that is involved in natural pain relief / for pain relief (inhibitory)

A

Endorphins

129
Q

type of neurotransmitter involved in arousal and mood / energy and adrenaline (excitatory)

A

Norepinephrine

130
Q

the think band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

131
Q

structure of the brain that contains the pons, medulla, cerebellum, reticular formation

A

Hindbrain

132
Q

structure of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

A

Midbrain

133
Q

structure of the brain that contains the cerebral cortex

A

Forebrain

134
Q

lobe of the brain that controls voluntary movement (motor cortex) and higher mental functions

A

Frontal Lobe

135
Q

lobe of the brain that processes sense of touch, temperature, body position, and taste

A

Parietal Lobe

136
Q

lobe of the brain that processes hearing (auditory cortex) and understanding language

A

Temporal

137
Q

lobe of the brain that processes vision (primary visual cortex)

A

Occipital

138
Q

type of disorder characterized by severe and sever disturbances in emotion with no apparent external cause

A

Mood disorders

139
Q

a type of mood disorder that is often accompanied by low self-esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause

A

Major depression

140
Q

a type of mood disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of elevated mood

A

Bipolar disorder

141
Q

a type of eating disorder characterized by reduced eating resulting to weight loss

A

Anorexia Nervosa

142
Q

a type of eating disorder characterized by cycle of binge eating and using unsafe methods to avoid gaining weight

A

Bulimia Nervosa

143
Q

type of disorders characterized by problems in conscious awareness, memory, and or sense of identity

A

Dissociative disorders

144
Q

a type of dissociative disorder where a person mentally separates himself from some aspect of their self, following some sort of trauma

A

Dissociative Amnesia

145
Q

type of dissociative disorder where the person literally dissociates himself from a situation or experience that’s too violent, traumatic, or painful

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder

146
Q

a type of psychotic disorder characterized by inability to draw the line between reality and fantasy, severely disordered thinking, and bizarre behavior

A

Schizophrenia

147
Q

a type of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized behavior and speech and includes disturbance in emotional expression

A

Disorganized

148
Q

a type of schizophrenia characterized by a dramatic reduction in activity, to the point that voluntary movement stops

A

Catatonic

149
Q

a type of schizophrenia characterized by auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) and paranoid delusions

A

Paranoid

NMAT 2021 (8 decks)

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