Social Sciences Flashcards
1
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The study of behavior and mental processes; study of how people think, act, and react and interact
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Psychology
2
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Study of mental disorders and their diagnosis, management, and prevention
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Psychiatry
3
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An MD who has completed residency training in psychiatry
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Psychiatrist
4
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The study of mental processes by specifying the elements of consciousness through introspection (Founded by Wilhelm Wundt the father of Psychology)
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Structuralism
5
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Addresses the social structure as a whole and in terms of the necessary function of its constituent element (Founded by William James)
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Functionalism
6
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A person who stated that life force/libido/sex drive influences the unconscious mind of a child’s personality
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Sigmund Freud
7
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Study of psychology that believes that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories
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Psychoanalysis
8
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Person who stated that Libido is not only sex drive but the desire to excel
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Carl Jung
9
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Study of psychology which states that “we experience things as unified beings”; configuration, form, holistic, structure, pattern.
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Gestalt Psychology
10
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Person who stated that “there are wholes, the behavior of which is not determined by that of their individual elements, but where the part-processes are themselves determined by the intrinsic nature of the whole”
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Max Wertheimer (Gestalt Psychology)
11
Q
Person who stated that “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
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Wolfgang Kohler
12
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Study of psychology which states that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces
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Behaviorism
13
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Initiated classical conditioning (Pavlov’s Dog)
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Ivan Pavlov
14
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Initiated Operant Conditioning (Skinner Box)
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B.F. Skinner
15
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Initiated the Little Albert Experiment ( Baby Albert was conditioned with loud noises to cry upon seeing a white rat)
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John Watson
16
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study of social arrangements to maintain peace and order within a given society
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Political Science
17
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study and analysis of social behavior of human beings in regards to allocation of scarce resources in order to meet the needs of each individual in the society
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Economics
18
Q
systematic study of relationships among people; assume that behavior is influenced by people’s social, political, occupational, and intellectual groupings & by the particular settings in which they find themselves at one time or another
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Sociology
19
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study of the similarities and differences of various cultures
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Anthropology
20
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branches of anthropology
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physical, social, cultural, archaeology, and linguistic
21
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influence of the evolution of natural environment on physical characteristics of human; also known as biological anthropology
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Physical Anthropology
22
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study of human culture and activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture
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Archaeology
23
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study of the natural environment and how it influences social and cultural development
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Geography
24
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study of past events; systematic attempt to learn about and verify past events and to relate them to one another and to the present involves: identifying, classifying, arranging, patterning
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History
25
Observation, Problem, Hypothesis, Test (Gather and Analyze data), conclusion, report
The scientific method
26
type of research method that emphasizes objective measurement and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data using computational techniques
Quantitative
27
type of research that uses non-numerical data to interpret and analyze people's experiences
Qualitative
28
experiment, observation (laboratory and naturalistic), case studies, surveys (interview and questionnaire)
Types of Research Methods
29
the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action, and artifacts that are passed on from generation to generation (structure x institutions x social groups)
Culture
30
part of a culture that comprises of complex systems functioning to serve the status quo
Structure
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part of a culture enclosed in structures that has an established pattern of behavior
Institutions
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more than one individual
social groups
33
basic unit of society
family
34
the social status of a person that is given from birth, and is beyond one's control (race)
Ascribed Status
35
the social status that is acquired, and it is one's social standing which depends on personal accomplishments
Achieved Status
36
the three elements of culture
social norms, social institutions, material products, language, social values
37
simple everyday customs of a group of people that represent usual ways of behaving; arbitrary rules and norms governing the countless behaviors that we engage in (factor under social norms)
Conventions
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customs that need to be observed by all society members for the culture to survive; violations are not legally sanctioned but incur social punishment through peer disapproval (factor under social norm)
Mores
39
more exact, generally recorded, codified, and enforced as a means of securing public obedience; violations are legally sanctioned (fines, imprisonment) (factor under social norm)
Laws
40
customary patterns of everyday life that specify what is socially correct and proper in everyday life (factor under social norm)
Folkways
41
a norm that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust (ex. incest) (factor under social norm)
Taboos
42
An element of culture which is an established complex pattern of behavior in which a number of persons participate in order to further important group interests, provide order, coordination & avenue for social change
Social Institutions
43
An element of culture that consists of all the physical objects people have borrowed, discovered, or invented, and to which they have attached meaning
Material Products
44
An element of culture which is a body of words and system for usage common to a people of the same community or cultural tradition
Language
45
An element of culture which is the motivating power that makes institutions function effectively
Social Values
46
the degree to which a culture is internally consistent and homogenous; diverse versus unified culture
Cultural integration
47
circumstances that affect society; analogous to stimulus, catalyst
Social change
48
recognizing something that already exists for the first time, that nobody has found before
discovery
49
creating something totally new with one's own ideas and development
invention
50
factors stabilizing culture
stability of social norms, habit, value attachment
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adverse effects on people in society
social problems
52
source of social disorganization
cultural lag
53
idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture
Cultural relativism
54
the belief that one's culture is superior to another culture, and that their own culture showcases the best way to live life
Ethnocentrism
55
a theory which states that each part of the society contributes to the stability of the society (Emile Durkheim); focuses more on the macro-level of social culture
Functionalism
56
a theory which states that conflicts and tensions arise when status, power, and resources are not evenly distributed within social groups (Karl Marx)
Conflict Theory
57
a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationship among individuals within a society; communication is the way in which people make sense of their social worlds; people behave based on what they believe (George Mead and Max Weber)
Symbolic Interactionism
58
a theory that identifies and analyzes the structures and functions that underlie all cultural phenomena; society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
Structuralism
59
Theory built on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution; believes that cultural degeneration does not occur and that culture evolves from simple to complex
Evolutionism
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social association in which individuals of a society are more inclined towards social community than their individual wants and needs
Gemeinschaft
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civil society in which individuals of a society give more importance to their personal needs and wants than the social community
Gesellschaft
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focuses on spatial interaction of human beings with each other with their physical environment; study of the diverse environments, places, and spaces of Earth's surface and their interactions
Geography
63
study of the number and characteristics of a population; concerned with factors that may be causing the population to increase or decrease
demography
64
theory that believes that population tends to outrun the means of subsistence (Thomas Robert Malthus)
Malthusian Theory
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the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment
Ecology
66
the sum of all external influences that impinge on the human organism; social and natural
Environment
67
when each plant or animal species has adjusted to its environment and survived
Ecological balance
68
Freud's three levels of consciousness
Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
69
level of consciousness that holds everything you're aware of
Conscious
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level of consciousness in which ordinary memory is stored and can readily be brought into conscious
Preconscious
71
level of consciousness which is not directly accessible to awareness
Unconscious
72
structure of the mind which is the pleasure principle, asks for immediate gratification
Id
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structure of the mind which is the reality principle; works by reason
Ego
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structure of the mind which is the morality principle; forms a person's conscience
Super ego
75
Freud's first psychosexual stage where tension is reduced through oral activity such as eating, drinking, smoking, and biting nails
Oral Stage
76
Freud's second psychosexual stage where tension is reduced through the anal pathway. Has two 2 types of negative outcome namely: anal-retentive personality and anal expulsive personality
Anal Stage
77
A type of anal personality where the person is stingy, with a compulsive seeking of order and tidiness (parents were strict during toilet training)
Anal-retentive personality
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A type of anal personality where the person has a lack of self-control, being messy and generally careless (parents were too lenient)
Anal-expulsive personality
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Freud's third psychosexual stage where there is formation of personality through identification
Phallic Stage
80
A process that boys experience of which they learn to identify with the same gender parent by acting as much like that parent as possible
Oedipus Complex (castration anxiety)
81
A process that girls experience of which they learn to identify with the same gender parent by acting as much like that parent as possible
Electra Conflict (penis envy)
82
Freud's fourth psychosexual stage with the superego continues to develop while the Id's energies are suppressed, more concerned with social relationships
Latency Period
83
Freud's fifth psychosexual stage where there is maturing of sexual interests, goal of this stage is to establish a balance between various life areas
Genital Stage
84
Pavlov's law which stated that for associations to be made, the two stimuli (unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus) had to be presented close together in time
Law of Temporal Contiguity
85
Study of psychology that stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems (Pioneered by Abraham Maslow)
Humanism
86
The 5 levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization
87
A theory of social change which views evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new and unique directions
Theory of Social evolutionism
88
Theory of social change which argues that events and stages of society and history are generally repeating themselves in cycles
Cycle theory of Social Change
89
Sociologist who pioneered the conflict theory. The means of production of society include all of the physical elements that go into producing goods and services including the natural resources and means of distribution such as stores
Karl Marx
90
Sociologist who argued that social facts have an independent existence greater and more objective than the actions of the individuals that compose society
Emile Durkheim
91
Sociologist who argued that the religious ideas of groups such as the Calvinists played a role in creating capitalistic spirit
Max Weber
92
The study of Abnormal behavior
Psychopathology
93
A type of odd/eccentric personality disorder characterized by paranoia and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and mistrust of others
Paranoid
94
a type of odd/eccentric personality disorder characterized by emotional aloofness and solitary habits, emotional coldness, distance and detached, indifferent to social relationships
Schizoid
95
a type of odd/eccentric personality disorder marked by disturbed thoughts and behavior, unusual beliefs and fears, and difficulty with forming and maintaining relationships
Schizotypal
96
A type of anxious/fearful personality disorder characterized by a pattern of severe social anxiety, social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and avoidance of social interaction despite a strong desire for intimacy
Avoidant
97
a type of anxious/fearful personality disorder that refers to a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation
Dependent
98
a type of anxious/fearful personality disorder characterized by excessive attention to details, mental and interpersonal control, and need to control one's environment
OCD
99
a type of dramatic/erratic personality disorder characterized by a pattern of disregard for or violation of the rights of others
Antisocial
100
a type of dramatic/erratic personality disorder characterized by unstable sense of self, unstable emotions, impulsive, chronic feelings of emptiness
Borderline
101
a type of dramatic/erratic personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking emotions, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval
Histrionic
102
a type of dramatic/erratic personality disorder characterized by exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a lack of understanding of other's feelings
Narcissistic
103
social phobia, specific phobia, agoraphobia
phobic disorders
104
type of anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks
Panic Disorders
105
anxiety disorder that involves unwanted and disturbing thoughts, images, or urges that intrude into a child's mind and cause a great deal of anxiety
OCD
106
type of anxiety disorder where person experiences anxiety, nightmares and flashbacks as long as one month after exposure to major stressor
Acute Stress disorder
107
anxiety disorder where person experience anxiety and nightmares more than one month after exposure to major stressor
Posttraumatic stress disorder
108
anxiety disorder characterized by exaggerated anxiety and worry about everyday life events with no obvious reasons for worry
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
109
type of defense mechanism where a person handles his desires and impulses by subduing it to the unconscious
Repression
110
type of defense mechanism where a person attributes and projects his unwanted feelings to another person
Projection
111
type of defense mechanism where a person chooses to refuse reality
denial
112
type of defense mechanism where a person's feelings and behavior are justified in a seemingly rational manner to avoid the true explanation
Rationalization
113
type of defense mechanism where a person returns to a child state to escape the present in which he has a problem
regression
114
type of defense mechanism where a person attempts to convince themselves and others that the opposite of what they're experiencing is true
reaction formation
115
type of defense mechanism where a person takes out frustrations, feelings, and impulses, on other people
displacement
116
type of defense mechanism where a person's unwanted emotional energy and impulses are transformed and applied to a socially acceptable activity
Sublimation
117
Introduced by Charles Horton Cooley; it describes the development of one's self and one's identity through interpersonal interactions within the context of society; the view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us
Looking Glass Self
118
First stage of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development in which the infant knows the world through their movements and sensations
Sensorimotor Stage
119
Second stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development in which children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects
Preoperational Stage
120
third stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development where children begin to think logically about concrete events
Concrete Operational Stage
121
fourth stage of piaget's theory of cognitive development where the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
Formal Operational Stage
122
Kinds of Neurotransmitters
sensory, motor, interneuron
123
type of neurotransmitter that is involved in sleep and inhibition of movement / minimizing activities (inhibitory)
GABA
124
type of neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, and appetite/ making you less worried (inhibitory)
Serotonin
125
type of neurotransmitter involved in arousal, attention, memory and muscle contractions (excitatory)
Acetylcholine
126
type of neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development / for memory (excitatory)
Glutamate
127
type of neurotransmitter involved in control of movement and sensation of pleasure / for minimizing activities (inhibitory)
Dopamine
128
type of neurotransmitter that is involved in natural pain relief / for pain relief (inhibitory)
Endorphins
129
type of neurotransmitter involved in arousal and mood / energy and adrenaline (excitatory)
Norepinephrine
130
the think band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
131
structure of the brain that contains the pons, medulla, cerebellum, reticular formation
Hindbrain
132
structure of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus
Midbrain
133
structure of the brain that contains the cerebral cortex
Forebrain
134
lobe of the brain that controls voluntary movement (motor cortex) and higher mental functions
Frontal Lobe
135
lobe of the brain that processes sense of touch, temperature, body position, and taste
Parietal Lobe
136
lobe of the brain that processes hearing (auditory cortex) and understanding language
Temporal
137
lobe of the brain that processes vision (primary visual cortex)
Occipital
138
type of disorder characterized by severe and sever disturbances in emotion with no apparent external cause
Mood disorders
139
a type of mood disorder that is often accompanied by low self-esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause
Major depression
140
a type of mood disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of elevated mood
Bipolar disorder
141
a type of eating disorder characterized by reduced eating resulting to weight loss
Anorexia Nervosa
142
a type of eating disorder characterized by cycle of binge eating and using unsafe methods to avoid gaining weight
Bulimia Nervosa
143
type of disorders characterized by problems in conscious awareness, memory, and or sense of identity
Dissociative disorders
144
a type of dissociative disorder where a person mentally separates himself from some aspect of their self, following some sort of trauma
Dissociative Amnesia
145
type of dissociative disorder where the person literally dissociates himself from a situation or experience that's too violent, traumatic, or painful
Dissociative Identity Disorder
146
a type of psychotic disorder characterized by inability to draw the line between reality and fantasy, severely disordered thinking, and bizarre behavior
Schizophrenia
147
a type of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized behavior and speech and includes disturbance in emotional expression
Disorganized
148
a type of schizophrenia characterized by a dramatic reduction in activity, to the point that voluntary movement stops
Catatonic
149
a type of schizophrenia characterized by auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) and paranoid delusions
Paranoid
