Socio-cultural Issues In Physical Activity And Sport Flashcards
1
Q
What is meant by pre-industrial?
A
A period before the Industrial Revolution which occurred in the Uk between 1750-1850
2
Q
Name some pastimes from Pre-Industrial Britain?
A
Mob football
Cheese Rolling
Pedestrianinsm
Real tennis
Bear baiting
Elton Wall games
Tar Barrel Burning
3
Q
Describe the key characteristics of sport during Pre-Industrial Britain
A
Local (limited transport)
Unique (own ethnic identity)
Ritualistic/religious
Sociable (finish at pub)
Annual on a public holiday (due to lack of time and money)
Occasional - simple so illiterate understand (few rules)
4
Q
Explain how the factor of social class shaped participation in Pre-industrial sport?
A
Two tier society
- Upper class (inherited wealth) participated in sophisticated and civilised sports like real tennis and fox hunting
- Working class participated in shin kicking, mob football, cheese rolling etc.
5
Q
How does Pedestrianism link both social classes in Pre-Industrial Britain?
A
The working class who acted as footmen to the wealthy became pedestrians
The upper class where patrons and bet on the winner
6
Q
Explain how the factor of gender shaped participation in Pre-industrial sport?
A
Males were dominant with peasant females experiencing few rights.
Few/no women participation in working class
Upper class still male dominant although some played real tennis
7
Q
Explain how the factor of law and order shaped participation in Pre-industrial sport
A
Lack of formal law and order meant working class activities were often cruel and violent
The upper class participated in more sophisticated and civilised activities with etiquette and rules
8
Q
Explain how the factor of education shaped participation in Pre-industrial sport
A
The upper class were educated and literate which meant they could produce complex/formal written rules
The working class were largely illiterate which meant sports had no/few simple rules
9
Q
Explain how the factor of availability of time shaped participation in Pre-industrial sport
A
Peasants had long working hours (75 hrs +) which meant sport was confined to annual events/festivals
The upper class had more time and could participate regularly
10
Q
Typically how long was the average working week for the lower class in Pre-Industrial Britain?
A
75+ Hours
11
Q
Explain how the factor of availability of money shaped participation in Pre-industrial sport?
A
Working class had limited disposable income so had to rely on using natural facilities and simple equipment
The upper class had money for facilities/equiptment
12
Q
Explain how the factor of type and availability of transport shaped participation in Pre-industrial sport?
A
Lower class could only travel by foot which meant sports remained local
Upper class had opportunities to travel by horse and carriage so they could travel o other wealthy estates to participate in hunting (regularly)
13
Q
What time period is Post-Industrial Britain?
A
After 1850
(Industrial Revolution)
14
Q
What was the Industrial Revolution?
A
A time of technological and social change that occurred between 1750-1850 in the UK, altering the way people lived and worked
15
Q
What are public schools?
A
Exclusive, fee paying, boys schools with traditionally high educational standing (eg. Eton, Harrow and Charter-house)
16
Q
What were the main changes caused by the Industrial Revolution?
A
- By 1914 England had become a great trading nation with worldwide empire (covered 1/5 of the globe)
- 260% growth in population
- Change from agriculture to factory industry
- Move from domestic industry to factory work
- Move from water and wind power to steam engines
- Improved transport and communication (canals and pack horses to railway and telegraph)
- Growth of towns
17
Q
Explain the growth of towns caused by the Industrial Revolution ?
A
In 1750 about 15% lived in town but by 1900s it was 85%
By 1900 London had 4.5million inhabitants.
Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham had more than half a million people each
Much of the population had moved from the south east to industriales coalfield areas in the north and the midlands
18
Q
Explain how the factor of social class shaped participation in Post-industrial sport?
A
As well as the working class and aristocracy a clear middle class emerged who were educated and had earned wealth through jobs as factory owners/managers
19
Q
Explain how the factor of gender shaped participation in Post-industrial sport
A
Women had restricted opportunities due to their perceived role in society. This gradually changed allowing more education/participation
20
Q
Explain how the factor of law and order shaped participation in Post-industrial sport
A
Defined laws created by the upper/middle class reduced violent pastimes by lower classes (eg, bear baiting and controlled gambling)
The upper/middle class formed laws through creation of the RSPCA
Limited change in cruel activities for upper class as they made the rules
21
Q
Explain how the factor of education shaped participation in Post-industrial sport
A
The educated upper/middle class developed rules and NGBs (National Governing Bodies)
Upper class = public schools
Middle class = Private schools
Lower class = State education
22
Q
Explain how the factor of availability of time shaped participation in Post-industrial sport?
A
Working hours for the lower class gradually reduced (56 hours) with Saturday half day becoming common in factories
Wealthy had plenty of time for amateur (for the love of the game) sports
23
Q
Typically how long was the average working week for the lower class in Post-Industrial Britain?
A
56 hours per week
- Saturday become a half day for factory workers
- Factory’s could state up teams (eg, football)
Arsenal ‘Gunners’ from gun factory
West Ham ‘Hammers’
Sheffield United ‘Blades’
24
Q
Explain how the factor of availability of money shaped participation in Post-industrial sport?
A
Participation in sport by working class was limited due to lack of disposable income although wages improved gradually and ‘BROKEN TIME PAYMENTS’ were introduced subsidising for working hours lost
25
Explain how the factor of transport shaped participation in Post-industrial sport?
Development of railways allowed increased numbers of fixtures and saw a rise in spectatorism
26
What were public schools like before Thomas Arnold (Rugby School - 1828)?
Boarding school for boys (fee paying) so gentry and upper class
Unsupervised outside lessons (sixth formers in charge of house)
Bullying ‘fagging’
Free time = horse racing, gambling and brewing alcohol
Christian - spent a lot of time in church (religious)
27
Who was the first to recognise the moral qualities that could be gained from team sport?
Thomas Arnold (Rugby School 1838-1841)
28
Define Athleticism
To have physical endeavour with “moral integrity.” A concept that came about and was promoted through public school sport.
29
How did social control promote athleticism in public schools
Compulsory participation in structured games and sports during their free time - could be used as a way of controlling a large number of boys in public schools
30
What were Inter house competitions?
Competition between the boarding houses in the public schools
31
What was Rationalisation?
Making mob games ( ethnic sports; more structured and organised versions
- Included giving sports a specific set of rules, coaches, refs, specific number of players, equipment, captains, specific positions, tactics and stratergies
32
What is Codification?
Unifying the rules of each of the sports from each public school in order to make them playable between schools.
This was the start of the National Governing Body (NGBs) for each sport. An organisation who oversaw the rules. E.g LTA, RFU etc...
33
What was the purpose of inter school competition ?
This rivalry between schools became the basis from which Headmasters could promote their school. Not only on academic performance but also the success athletically.
34
Who set up the Muscular Christianity movement?
Charles Kingsley ( influential priest )
35
What was Muscular Christianity?
Combined Christian values and ideas of manliness
• Included the belief – “healthy body, healthy mind”
• Therefore supported rational sporting activities as a way of strengthening young men
36
What were the Ethics and Values promoted in Public School Sports?
Leadership, fair play, teamwork, courage and respect
37
What is the ‘Cult’ of Athleticism?
Cult’: referred to the obsession/growing craze of playing sport
Athleticism: developing physical endeavour (effort) and moral integrity (honourable, truthful and showing good sportsmanship) through sport
38
What was the impact of the ‘Cult’ of Athleticism?
Impact of Athleticism
Encouraged effort over winning
Encouraged the development of codified sport;
With rules and NGB’s (National Governing Bodies)
Encouraged to play with fair play and sportsmanship
Impact of the ‘cult’...
• Large amounts of time devoted to sport in schools in order to develop it
• Developed leagues (e.g. house system created)
• Ex-School boys spread the ‘cult’ (through old boys network)
- Combatted a tendency to over-study
39
What influence did public schools have on the PROMOTION AND ORGANISATION of sports and games?
- Well funded (due to fee paying) could afford elaborate facilities and equipment like racquet courts
- A number of boys in a culture where sport was significant
- Boys boarded which meant they had lots of free time for sport
- Developed own versions of sport to suit their surroundings (eg. rugby football and Eton Wall Game)
- House system encouraged regular fixtures
- Interschool fixtures (due to codification = NGBs)
- Compulsory sports days and games as part of the curriculum
- Rationalisation - development of rules
- Employing coaches
- Technical developments within sport (eg, skills like spin bowling)
40
What influence did public schools have in the PROMOTION OF ETHICS through sport and games?
- Dr Thomas Arnold used sport as a mechanism of social control
- Aimed to get the boys to behave as Christian gentlemen (muscular Christianity - combined godliness and manliness)
- To play sport hard and for the glory of god no extrinsic reward
- Gave sixth form boys responsibilities as house team captains
- Showing respect to others such as teammates, officials and opponents
- A code of conduct on how to behave on the sports field (athleticism)
- Development of positive social relationship between boys (reduced fagging)
- Masters would become involved in sports/games to develop positive relationships with boys (coaching and pastoral care)
41
What influence did public schools have in the SPREAD AND EXPORT of games and the games ethics?
- Boys went to university and took their school variations into the ‘melting pot’
- Ex-schoolboys established national governing bodies of sport (codification) eg. FA
- Entered professions whereby they provided the opportunity for others to participate in sports (eg. Politicians, arm officers, industrialists, headmasters)
- Entered professions where they may have spread athleticism and team games around the British empire eg, armed forces and teachers
42
When is the 20th century time period?
1900-1999
43
What were the key developments in the 20th century?
- Innovation in science and technology
- Increased wealth (still uneven distribution)
- Urbanisation (increased car ownership)
- Advances in communication technology (mobile phones)
- Less working rime, more leisure time (40working hours)
- Traditional values undermined through stress of war and terrorism
44
Explain how the factor of social class affected sport in the 20th Century?
Social class divisions became more vague (fluid), however still influenced sport choices and opportunities. Professionalism grew in many sports, but amateur traditions remained in some; this split the classes
- Rugby Union = Upper class
- Rugby league = lower class
45
Explain how the factor of gender affected sport in the 20th Century
1900’s onwards moved towards gender equality in society, including education, work, property and the right to vote.
Some sports resisted females participating i.e. golf
Many women's sports lacked professionalism (lack of spectatorship of women's sport, therefore no money to fund i
46
Explain how the factor of law and order affected sport in the 20th century?
Society become more civilised due to more written codes of conduct
- Still no effect on ‘cruel’ activities for the upper class
• Sports now fully codified, with minor rule changes made to reduce any remaining violence
- Rise in hooliganism towards the end of the century
47
Explain how the factor of education affected sports in the 20th century?
The Education Act of 1944 made PE compulsory and extra-curricula sport important in all schools.
Introduction of Grammar Schools (11+ academic test to enter) - had a larger variety of sports
The Education Reform Act 1988 introduced compulsory sport into the national curriculum
48
Explain how the factor if availability of time affected sport in the 20th century?
Further improved working conditions saw a dramatic decrease in the average hours of working week to 40hrs and the introduction of paid holiday = more leisure time for the working class
- Less working hours meant more energy to participate or spectate and More and paid holiday meant increased time to participate
49
Explain how the factor of availability of money affected sport in the 20th century
Further improved working conditions saw the introduction of paid holiday, and better pay = more disposable income for the working class
Increased disposable income increased participation in working class
• Increased disposable income increased spectatorship in working class
• Money still differentiated access to certain activities
• Introduction of public sports facilities created greater equality
• Professionalism continued/grew for the working class
50
Explain how the type and availability of transport has affected sport in the 20th century?
Transport, both Public and Private, became available to everyone, which made sport much more accessible to people. Cars, buses, airplanes, trains, bikes etc. Although transport was still EXPENSIVE
• Increase in participation as it increased accessibility to all sports
• Increase in competitive fixtures, leagues and competitions
• Increase in the international events
• Increase in spectatorism, as people could travel widely (including internationally)
51
What is the 21st century?
2000 to now
52
What is the golden triangle ?
The interdependence of sport, sportsmanship and media
53
What is social mobility?
Changes in wealth, education and occupation over a persons lifetime
54
What were the developments of the 21st century?
Class system less pronounced then ever. Social mobility now means class isn’t decided from birth
• Technology is ever growing, and the media is a huge influence on many aspects of 21st century life
• Sport is now a multimillion pound business
• In terms of law, there are now specific sports legislation to cover ‘sport-related legal issues
55
Explain how the factor of social class has shaped the characteristics of sport in the 21st century?
Social class divisions are much less defined in society, and there is more fluidity for people to move up and down classes, rather than it being decided from birth
• Although much less defined, sports are still associated with certain classes
• Some sports are still affected by access e.g. expense and social elitism in clubs
• Broad spread of classes are now professional
• Social mobility can be achieved through sport
56
Explain how the factor of gender has shaped the characteristics of sport in the 21st century?
Issues such as discrimination and sexism in sport are increasingly challenged, particularly using role models in the media to do so
• Increased women’s participation, Still not as high as male participation
• Women now participate in ‘men’s’ sports, however gendering of activities is common
• Some sports have equal prize money/wages, however most don’t
• Professional contracts and wider roles in sport increasingly taken by females, including in media
57
Explain how the factor of law and order has shaped the characteristics of sport in the 21st century?
Sport-specific legislations created
• Growing amount of ‘negligence’ claims in sport
Increased legal action on violence in sport (e.g. banning orders for hooligan spectators)
• Racial and gender equality laws are reducing discrimination in sport
• Increased legal focus on match fixing
58
Explain how the factor of eductaion has shaped the characteristics of sport in the 21st century?
Compulsory PE as part of the national curriculum
• Inter- and intra- school sport opportunities
• PE and Sport qualifications have increased in variety and availability (GCSE, A-level, BTEC, Sports Science degree, Sports therapy degree, etc.)
• Fee paying schools still offer wider sporting opportunity
59
Explain how the factor of availability of time has shaped the characteristics of sport in the 21st century?
Technological advancements further free peoples time up. (Eg, 24 hour gym allows exercise outside work schedule)
A lot of workplaces now have more flexibility in working hour (leisure time increase)
60
Explain how the factor of availability of money has shaped the characteristics of sport in the 21st century?
GLOBAL RECESSION has affected the amount of disposable income people have
• Less money being spent on sport = slightly less participation for some
• Some sports have declined in participation more than others (cost)
• Decreased amount of people spectating sports (particularly working class)
61
Explain how the factor of transport has shaped the characteristics of sport in the 21st century?
Most people now own a car within their household. Public transport is widely available. Cheap air-fairs have increased in availability
• Increase in participation as it increased accessibility to all sports
• Regular fixtures, leagues and competitions
• Increase/regular in the international events
• Increase in spectatorism, as people could travel widely (including internationally)
62
What is globalisation?
Creation of sport into a worldwide business through worldwide media coverage and the freedom of movement
63
What does globalisation require?
Worldwide media coverage and freedom of movement
64
What has globalisation caused?
A greater exposure of people to sport through the internet and broadcasting services which allow viewing at any time anywhere
65
What is freedom of movement?
International laws that allow athletes and spectators to move between countries for professional sport
66
What is the impact of freedom of movement on sport?
Athletes can work abroad ( eg. premier league football teams have non-British players)
Athletes can train abroad (eg, at altitude or in warm weather)
Allows teams to tour
Allows spectators to travel abroad to watch fixtures (eg. The Olympics)
Allows regular international fixtures (.g midweek European fixtures in the UEFA champions league))
Can increase the fan base of a team internationally
67
What are the characteristics of a globalised sport?
Extensive worldwide media coverage on multiple platforms
Freedom of movement of players
Regular international fixtures
Sport as a worldwide business/market that generates income
Teams and spectators can travel to compete at home and abroad
68
What are the positive effects of media coverage on sport?
Media increases commercialism/golden triangle, meaning more money is available to sport
Increases participation
Sport from around the world can now be viewed anywhere at any time
Increase in standards of play because it’s allowed professionalism in sport
Players able to earn high salaries
Increased spectatorism through watching at home
Creation of role models
Increased profile of minority sports
Increased technology, meaning fairer results
Created new rules/versions of sports = exciting to watch
Educate/ inform about sport
69
What are the negative effects of media coverage on sport?
Media demands control of sports/performers
Can cause deviant behaviour e.g. drug taking
More people spectating rather than participating
Loss of privacy for sports stars
Media highlights issues during and outside the game which reflect badly on the sport
Biased towards male/able-bodied sport
Negative role modelling that young athletes may copy
New rules and versions go against tradition
Altered timings can impact performance of elite athletes
Increased officiating technology has slowed the game
Negative sponsors i.e. alcohol
70
Describe the background of the modern Olympic Games?
Doctor William Penny Brookes set up the Much Wenlock Games
These were based around the ancient Olympic Games
Barón Pierre de Coubertin a French noblemen was visiting England to look at what public schools had set up with sports and games
De Courbertin and Penny Brookes had a vision to set up the first modern Olympic Games and this was realised in 1896 in Athens
Initially the games were strictly amateur
71
Outline some aims of the Modern Olympic Games.
- Reduce discrimination (develop equality)
- Unite/friendship/spread goodwill
- Develop respect
- Teach fair play/sportmanship
- Develop peace
- Educate people through sport
- Promote development of physical and moral qualities (excellence, courage, determination, inspiration)
72
What does the Olympic Charter outline about political exploitation of the Games
Any form of discrimination with regard to a country or a person on grounds of race, religion, politics, gender or otherwise is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic movement
73
What event occurred in Berlin 1936
The third Reich Ideology
74
Describe the event that happened in Berlin 1936
The Third Reich Ideology - used as ideology propaganda
- Jesse Owens was a black African American who won gold in 100m, 200m and long jump
- Owen’s embarrassed Hitler who refused to shake his hand/place the medal around his neck
- Lutz Lang the German Aryan long jumper came in second after Owens
75
What event happened in Mexico City 1968?
Black Power Demonstration
76
Describe the event which occurred in Mexico City 1968
Black Power Demonstration- used to raise awareness of discrimination
- Tommie Smith(1st in 200m) and John Carlos (3rd in 200m)
- Used the podium ceremony to show approval of civil rights movement
1. By raising fist in black glove
2. Walked without shoes (poverty in America)
3. Wore bead necklaces (anti-lynching)
77
What happened in Munich 1972?
Palestinian Terrorism
78
Describe the event that occurred in Munich 1972 ?
Palestinian Terrorism - used to generate media coverage of terrorism
- 8 members of the Black September Palestine Liberation group took 11 Israeali Olympic team hostages
- The terrorists demanded 234 Palestinians were released from Israel prison
This didn’t happen and a rescue attempt failed where 5/8 Black September group were killed along with 2 German Police officers and all the hostages
79
What happened in Moscow 1980?
USA Boycott
80
Describe the event which occurred in Moscow 1980?
USA Boycott of Soviet Games
- Prior to the games Soviet Union had sent troops into Afghanistans and US President said if the troops weren’t withdrawn he’d boycott the Olympic Games
- When Soviets refused USA and 65 other countries (in solidarity) boycotted the games
81
What happened in Los Angeles 1984?
Soviet Union Boycott
82
Describe the event which occurred in Los Angeles 1984?
Soviet Union Boycott = Tit for Tat (payback)
Due to financial struggles the IOC made these the FIRST COMMERCIALISED OLYMPIC GAMES
- Soviets did this because at the previous Olympics US had done this to them, they feared commercialisation would promote anti-Soviet propaganda whilst they feared American security
83
What is the IOC?
International Olympic Committees
84
What is the purpose of the IOC?
Oversee the organisation of the Olympics i.e. rules, event timetable, etc.
Selects host city
Manages commercialisation of the games
85
What is the BOA?
British Olympic Association
86
What’s the purpose of the BOA?
Select team GB
Liaise with other elite sport organisations i.e. UK Sport, IOC
Completed Olympic bid to host
Allocate sponsors to athletes
Prepares and supports team GB i.e. training camps, workshops etc
87
What are the advantages to politics and sport being linked?
Sport could help build bridges between nations
Sport can be used to benefit a country (i.e. economically, bringing a country together, etc.)
Sport can be used to support positive political agendas/ create awareness
These protests can initiate positive changes
88
What are the disadvantages of politics and sport being linked?
Disregards De Coubertin's Olympic Values
Can promote negative political agendas
Dangerous e.g. terrorism
Can cause conflicts between countries
Takes away from sport being its own entity e.g. boycotts
89
What are the positive sporting impacts of hosting a global sporting event ?
Increase funding
Development of world class facilities
Improve awareness of sport (+ minority)
Increase participation (elite role models inspire)
Increased success for the host city (home advantage)
Helps develop excellence in sport through improved structure/pathways
90
What are the negative sporting impacts of hosting a global sporting event ?
Wasted facilities after the event
Disproportionate funding, minority sports suffer
Decline in participation after the event (temporary affects)
If unsuccessfully hosted, can have a negative effect on the profile of the sport
Too much pressure on athletes to succeed
Any deviance/scandals will have a negative affect on the sport
91
What are the positive social impacts of hosting a global sporting event?
Gives a sense of identity or pride in their country and brings people together = nation building
Develops patriotism - promotes healthy lifestyle (access to facilities)
Appeasement (satisfy, fulfil, gratify) = people enjoy the experience
Money through tourism = can be spent on the local community
Regeneration of the local area and improved infrastructure
92
What are the negative social impacts of hosting a global sporting event
People may be displaced/disrupted by the development required (270+ businesses during London games)
During the event, local prices may increase
Focus and investment given to the event rather than long term local issues
The benefits may not be relevant or felt by the majority of local people
Positive effects may be short-lived and leave other problems behind
May cause resentment in other areas/countries
Provide cover up for real social problems (Rio 2016 - Poverty in Slums)
93
What are the positive economic impacts of hosting a global sporting event
Increased income to the host country (sponsors + tourism)
Creation of jobs
Possible increases in trade and exporting = commercial benefits
Improved infra-structure e.g. transport
Increased investment in local public facilities
Can raise the status of the country on the global stage = ‘shop window’ effect, as only the positive parts of the country are shown through the media= more trade and tourism
94
What are the negative economic impacts of hosting a global sporting event
Bidding for the event is expensive, and if it’s not won, then no money coming back in
Might lead to debt or financial strain
Increase in taxes to local people to fund the event (eg. Montreal 1976)
Many jobs created are temporary
If events/participants are linked to failure or deviant behaviour, then sponsors can be negatively affected
95
What are the positive political impacts of hosting a global sporting event
Symbolic- successful host can make a government appear successful
Employment opportunities may improve government popularity (votes)
Can bring unity to the country and a sense of purpose which is good for the government = nation building
Can raise the status of the country on the global stage = ‘shop window’ effect, as only the positive parts of the country are shown through the media
96
What are the negative political impacts of hosting a global sporting event
Financial cost of hosting may make the political party unpopular
Increased threat of terrorism/security risks
If the host nation doesn’t perform well, it may lower national esteem
Negative environmental impacts e.g. litter can decrease popularity of a political party
If the legacy of the event is poor (e.g. facility use, participation rates) could reflect badly as public money poorly spent (eg. Montreal 1976)
Political protests can look badly on the country
