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A Level PE > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What energy is used for exercise?

A

ATP

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2
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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3
Q

What is ATP energy in our body?

A

The only immediately useable store of energy

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4
Q

Where is ATP stored?

A

Muscles

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5
Q

What is ATP used to create?

A

Muscle movement

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6
Q

How long does ATP last?

A

2-3 seconds of exercise

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7
Q

Where does the energy exist in ATP?

A

Exists in the bond between the last two phosphate molecules

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8
Q

Which enzyme breaks the bind in ATP o release energy?

A

ATPase which releases energy for muscular contractions

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9
Q

What has to happen to ATP to produce longer exercise?

A

ATP re-synthesis

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10
Q

Which exothermic reaction is used in relation to ATP?

A

ATP = ADP + P + energy

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11
Q

Which endothermic reaction is used in relation to ATP?

A

ADP + P + energy = ATP

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12
Q

ATP re-synthesis is required to keep exercising what happens dependant on the intensity of exercise?

A

Different energy system used for re-synthesis

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13
Q

What is ATP known as ?

A

Energy currency of the body

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14
Q

What is energy from ATP used for?

A

Digestion, nerve transmission and muscular contraction

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15
Q

Which energy system is used for activity with a duration of 0-10 seconds?

A

ATP-PC system

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16
Q

What are the three energy system used to resynthesize ATP?

A

ATP-PC
Anaerobic (lactic acid/glycolytic)
Aerobic

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17
Q

Which energy system is used for activity with a duration of 10 -30 seconds?

A

ATP-PC and Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid system)

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18
Q

Which energy system is used for activity with a duration of 30 seconds to 2 minutes?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

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19
Q

Which energy system is used for activity with a duration of 2-3 minutes?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic system

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20
Q

Which energy system is used for activity with a duration of 3+ minutes?

A

Aerobic/oxidative systems

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21
Q

What intensity is the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine system) used for?

A

Very high intensity

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22
Q

What is an example of an activity that the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine system) is used for?

A

100m sprint

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23
Q

What type of reaction is the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system?

A

Anaerobic

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24
Q

What fuel is used in the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system?

A

PC (phosphocreatine)

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25
Where does the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system take place ?
Sarcoplasm
26
What is the controlling enzyme in the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system?
Creative Kinase
27
What is the energy yield of the ATP-PC system?
1:1 Phosphocreatine:ATP
28
What are the stages of the ATP-PC system?
- ATP levels fall and ADP and P levels rise triggering the release of creatine kinase - Phosphocreatine is broken down anaerobically in sarcoplasm (PCr = P + C + energy) - The energy phosphate molecule and ADP are combined to resythsise ATP
29
What are the by products formed by the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system?
None
30
What are the ADVANTAGES of the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system?
- No delay for oxygen delivery - PC is readily available in the muscle cell - Quick as simple structures are broken down - Provides energy for high intensity activities - No fatiguing by-products
31
What intensity is the glycolytic (lactic acid) system used for?
High intensity
32
What is an example activity which the glycolytic (lactic acid) system is used for?
200- 400m sprint 100m freestyle swim
33
What duration is the glycolytic (lactic acid) system used for?
2 - 3 minutes
34
What type of reaction does the glycolytic (lactic acid) system use?
Anaerobic
35
What fuel is used by the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?
Glycogen/glucose
36
Where does the glycolytic (lactic acid) system take place (site of reaction)?
Sarcoplasm
37
What are the controlling enzymes of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?
GPP PFK LDH
38
What does GPP stand for ?
Glycogen phosphorylase
39
What does GPP do?
It breaks glycogen (from muscle and liver cells) down into glucose
40
What does PFK stand for?
Phosphfructokinase
41
What does PFK do?
Catalyses the breakdown of glucose to produce pyruvic acid (anaerobic glycolysis)
42
What does LDH stand for?
Lactate dehydrogenase
43
What does LDH do?
Converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid
44
What is the yield of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?
1:2 Glycogen:ATP
45
What are the stages of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?
- Glycogen broken down into glucose by GPP - Glucose broken down into pyruvic acid (by anaerobic glycolysis using enzyme PFK) produces energy for resynthesis of 2 ATP - Lack of oxygen cause pyruvic acid to be converted to lactic acid (LDH) - Lactic acid accumulates leading to OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation) and fatigue
46
What is OBLA?
Onset blood lactate accumulation
47
What are the advantages of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?
- No delay for oxygen - Large fuel stores (muscle/liver) - Relatively Fast Fuel breakdown for resynthesis - Provides energy for up to 3 minutes - Lactic acid can be recycled for fuel for further energy production
48
What are the disadvantages of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?
- Fatiguing by product (lactic acid) reduces pH and enzyme activity - Low ATP yield and lengthy recovery
49
What are the by products formed by the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?
Lactic acid
50
What intensity is the aerobic system used for?
Low-moderate (sub-maximal)
51
What duration is the aerobic energy system used for?
3+ minutes 3 hiurs
52
What type of reaction is used in the aerobic energy system?
Aerobic
53
What fuel is used in the aerobic energy system ?
Fats/triglycerides Glucose/glycogen
54
Where does the is the aerobic energy system reactions take place?
Sarcoplasm Mitochondria matrix Mitochondria cristae
55
What are the controlling enzymes of the aerobic energy system?
GPP PFK CoenzymeA Lipase
56
What does coenzyme A do?
Turns pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA
57
What is the energy yield of the aerobic energy system?
1:38 Glycogen:ATP
58
What are the three stages of the aerobic energy system?
Aerobic glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain
59
Describe the stages of the aerobic energy system?
During Aerobic Glycolysis - glycogen is converted into glucose using enzyme GPP - Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid using enzyme PFK - CoenzymeA converts pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA - Lipase turns fats into FFA’s (Free Fatty Acids) which are converted into acetyl CoA Krebs Cycle - Acetyl CoA binds with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid - Citric acid is oxidised forming carbon dioxide and hydrogen Electron Transport Chain - Occurs along cristea (of mitochondria) by NAD and FAD (hydrogen carriers) which split hydrogen into ions (H+) and electrons (H-) - Pairs of hydrogen electrons carried by NAD release enough energy to resynthesis 30 ATP molecules whilst those carried by FAD release enough for 4 molecules
60
What are the by products formed of the aerobic energy system?
Carbon dioxide Water
61
What are the ADVANTAGES of the aerobic energy system?
- Large fuel store : triglycerides, FFA’s, glycogen and glucose - High ATP yield and long duration of energy production - No fatiguing by-products
62
What are the DISADVANTAGES of the aerobic energy system?
- Delay for oxygen delivery (complex reaction series) - Slow energy production limits to sub-maximal intensity - Triglycerides (FFA’s demand 15% more O2 for breakdown
63
What are examples of activities which the aerobic energy system provides energy for?
Marathon Triathlon Cross Country Skiing
64
How much ATP is stored within the body ?
Very little (85g)
65
How much energy does ATPase provide ?
2-3 seconds worth For Muscle contraction
66
What are the disadvantages of the ATP/PC system?
- Low ATP yield - Rapid fatigue after 10-12 seconds
67
Define the term recovery?
The process of the body returning to its pre-exercise state
68
Define the term oxygen deficit?
Oxygen which would have been the se at the start of exercise if available
69
What does EPOC stand for?
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption
70
Define the term EPOC?
The volume of oxygen consumed after exercise to return the body to a pre-exercise state
71
What are the two stages of EPOC?
1. FAST (alactacid) component of recovery 2. SLOW (lactacid) component of recovery
72
What is OBLA?
Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation
73
What is the fast component of recovery?
Alactacid
74
What is the slow component of recovery?
Lactacid
75
How much oxygen does the ALACTACID component require?
1 - 4 Litres of oxygen
76
How long is the ALACTACID component of recovery?
2 - 3 minutes
77
What processes happen in the ALACTACID component to aid recovery?
- Resynthesis of ATP - Replenish myoglobin in muscle cells - Restore Phospho-Creatine stores
78
How long do PC stores take to restored?
50% restored in 30s 100% restored in 2-3 mins
79
How much oxygen does the LACTACID component require?
5 - 8 Litres
80
How long does the LACTACID component of recovery take ?
1 hour
81
What processes in the LACTACID component happen to aid recovery?
Elevated ventilation and circulation Elevated body temperature Removal of lactic acid
82
How does elevated ventilation and circulation aid recovery?
As respiratory depth and HR remain high the body maximises oxygen delivery and removal of by-products
83
How does an elevated body temperature aid recovery?
Increases metabolic rate
84
How is lactic acid removed?
50-75% converted back into pyruvic acid 10-25% converted back into glycogen (in muscle and liver cells) 5-10% excreted as protein through urine and sweat (CORI CYCLE)
85
What is the Cori Cycle?
The conversion of lactic acid into protein so it can be removed through urine and sweat
86
What are the factors affecting the duration and effectiveness of recovery?
- Type of ENERGY SYSTEM used - The original FITNESS LEVEL of performer - The POSITION of the player - TACTICS AND STRATEGIES (eg. Man to man/zonal marking) - LEVEL OF COMPETITION (eg. Cup final/Sunday league) - STRUCTURE of the game (pitch size and rest periods)

A Level PE (9 decks)

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