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A Level PE > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define tidal volume?

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per breath

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2
Q

What is the unit for tidal volume (TV) ?

A

L (litres)

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3
Q

What’s the resting value for tidal volume?

A

500ml / 0.5L

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4
Q

What’s tidal volume like during exercise?

A

1.75L - 3L

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5
Q

Define frequency?

A

The number of breaths per minute (breathing rate)

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6
Q

What is the resting volume for frequency?

A

12 -15 breaths per minute

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7
Q

What’s frequency like during exercise?

A

Increases to 40 - 60 breaths per minute

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8
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Volume of air inspired/expired per minute

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9
Q

What is the calculation for minute ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x Frequency = Minute Ventilation
TV x f = VE

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10
Q

What’s the resting value of minute ventilation?

A

6 - 7.5 L/min

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11
Q

What is minute ventilation like during exercise?

A

120 - 210 L/min

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12
Q

What type of process is inspiration at rest?

A

Active

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13
Q

What is meant by an active process?

A

Muscles are actively working/contracting

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14
Q

Describe what the mechanics of breathing during inspiration at rest?

A
  • Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
  • Diaphragm flattens and rib/sternum moves up an out
  • Thoracic Cavity volume increases
  • Air Pressure in lungs decrease below atmospheric air
  • Air rushes into the lungs to equate the pressure
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15
Q

What type of process is expiration at rest?

A

Passive

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16
Q

What is meant by a passive process?

A

Muscles are relaxing/inactive

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17
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing during expiration at rest?

A
  • Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
  • Diaphragm pushed upwards and rib/sternum moves in an down
  • Thoracic Cavity volume decreases
  • Air Pressure in lungs increases above atmospheric air
  • Air rushes out of the lungs (forced out due to difference in pressure)
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18
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing for INSPIRATION during EXERCISE?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
- Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes and pectoralis minor contract
- Diaphragm flattens with more FORCE and rib/sternum moves up an out with INCREASED DISTANCE
- Thoracic Cavity volume increases FURTHER
- Air Pressure in lungs decrease FURTHER below atmospheric air
- MORE Air rushes into the lungs to equate the pressure

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19
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing for EXPIRATION during EXERCISE?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
- Internal intercostals, Rectus Abdominis and obliques contract
- Diaphragm pushed up with more FORCE
- Rib/sternum pulled in and down
- Thoracic Cavity volume decreases to a LOWER LEVEL
- Air Pressure in lungs increases FURTHER above atmospheric air
- MORE Air Forced out of the lungs to equate the pressure

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20
Q

Which 5 muscles are involved in expiration during exercise?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals (relax)
Obliques, Rectus Abdominis and Internal intercostals (contract)

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21
Q

Which 5 muscles are involved in inspiration during exercise?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals (contract)
Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor (contract)

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22
Q

Explain the regulation (neural) of breathing during REST/RECOVERY?

A
  • Baroreceptors detect an decrease in blood pressure
  • Chemoreceptors detect a decrease in carbon dioxide and lactic acid but an increase in oxygen
  • Proprioceptors detect a decline in movement
  • The receptors send a signal to the RCC (respiratory control centre) in the medulla oblongata
  • In the RCC the ICC (inspiratory control centre) sends a signal to the diaphragm (via the phrenic nerve) and to the external intercostals (via the intercostal nerve)
  • In the RCC the ECC (Expiratory control centre) is inactive during rest because it’s a passive process.
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23
Q

Explain the regulation (neural) of breathing during EXERCISE?

A
  • Baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure
  • Chemoreceptors detect a increase in carbon dioxide and lactic acid but an decrease in oxygen
  • Proprioceptors detect a increase in movement
  • The receptors send a signal to the RCC (respiratory control centre) in the medulla oblongata
  • In the RCC the ICC (inspiratory control centre) sends a signal to the diaphragm (via the phrenic nerve) and to the external intercostals (via the intercostal nerve). It also recruits additional muscles; Scalenes. sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor to contract causing increased stroke volume
  • In the RCC the ECC (Expiratory control centre) becomes active during exercise sending a signal to the obliques, internal intercostals and rectus Abdominis to contract to increase frequency
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24
Q

Where does external respiration take place?

A

Alveolar Capillary membrane
- Between alveoli air and capillary blood

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25
Where does internal respiration take place?
Muscles Between capillary blood and muscle cells
26
How do gases diffuses ?
Move from a high partial pressure to a low partial pressure
27
At rest during external respiration how / where does oxygen diffuse?
At rest there is a high PPO2 in the alveoli air and a low PPO2 in the capillary blood This creates a diffusion gradient allowing oxygen to move into the capillary blood by moving from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure
28
At exercise during external respiration how / where does oxygen diffuse?
During exercise the muscles utilise oxygen for aerobic respiration therefore there is a LOWER PPO2 in the capillary blood and the same (high) PPO2 in the alveolar air This creates a steeper diffusion gradient so more oxygen moves more quickly into the blood by diffusion
29
At rest during external respiration how / where does carbon dioxide diffuse?
At rest there is a high PPCO2 in the capillary blood and a low PPCO2 in the alveolar air The creates a diffusion gradient for CO2 to move from an area of high concentration to a low concentration
30
At exercise during external respiration how / where does carbon dioxide diffuse
During exercise more CO2 is produced creating a Higher PPCO2 in the capillary blood but the PPCO2 in the alveolar air remains the same (low). This creates a steeper diffusion gradient so more carbone dioxide moves more quickly
31
At rest during internal respiration how / where does oxygen diffuse
Internal respiration takes place at the muscle cells and oxygen diffuses from a high PPO2 in the capillary to a low PPO2 in the muscle tissue. It does this by moving down the concentration gradient from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure
32
At exercise during internal respiration how / where does oxygen diffuse
During exercise the PPO2 in the muscle cells becomes LOWER whilst the PPO2 in the capillary blood remains the same (high) creating a steeper diffusion gradient so more gas diffuses at a faster rate
33
At rest during internal respiration how / where does carbon dioxide diffuse?
At rest CO2 diffuses from a High PPCO2 in the muscles to a Low PPCO2 in the capillary blood by moving down the concentration gradient
34
At exercise during internal respiration how / where does carbon dioxide diffuse
More CO2 is produced during exercise so the PPCO2 in the muscle tissue is HIGHER and the PPCO2 in the capillary blood is the same (low) creating a steeper diffusion gradient
35
What does a steeper diffusion gradient enable?
More gas to diffuse more quickly Greater volumes Faster rate
36
How do oxygen molecules bind to haemoglobin?
They make an ASSOCIATION
37
During exercise how many associations does haemoglobin make?
4 associations with oxygen molecules
38
When haemoglobin has made 4 oxygen associations what is it called?
Fully saturated
39
What is dissociation?
Unloading of oxygen molecules (to allow for aerobic activity)
40
During exercise what happens to dissociation?
Dissociation increases
41
What happens to the speed of dissociation during exercise?
It becomes quicker (increase)
42
Why does dissociation occur more quickly during exercise?
- Bohr effect (increased acidity due to the production of lactic acid) - Increased blood and muscle temperature - Steeper O2 diffusion gradient (higher PPO2 in the capillary blood and low PPO2 in muscle) - Steeper CO2 diffusion gradient (higher PPCO2 in muscle and low PPCO2 in capillary)
43
What is the Bohr effect?
Increased acidity due to production of lactic acid
44
As dissociation occurs more quickly what happens to the oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve?
The oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right (AKA Bohr Shift’)
45
What is the Bohr Shift?
When the oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right
46
Why is providing more O2 to working muscles (through oxygen dissociation) beneficial?
It delays fatigue and increases the possible intensity and duration of performance
47
What is high altitude?
Anything above 1500m is considered high altitude
48
What is hypoxic air?
When the air contains a low PPO2
49
What is acclimatisation?
Adapting to the changes in the environment (low PPO2)
50
PPO2 is low in hypoxic conditions and causes what ?
- Less haemoglobin saturation - Aerobic system is less efficient - More stress on the anaerobic system (produces lactic acid)
51
What occurs in hypoxic conditions?
Less oxygen is transported to muscles for aerobic respiration
52
As Less oxygen is transported to muscles for aerobic respiration what does the body do to maintain cardiac output (blood supply to muscles)?
Heart Rate Increases Breathing Frequency Increases Stroke Volume increases (less time to fill with blood as heart rate and frequency increase ) Blood Plasma volume decreases Rate of 02 diffusion decreases Reduced intensity and duration of performance as lactic acid is produced
53
When training in altitude what happens to the oxygen diffusion gradient?
As altitude increases PPo2 decreases which has a negative impact on diffusion gradient (45% reduction)
54
How does altitude affect different intensities (aerobic)?
Aerobic exercise (Sub Maximal exercise) - Performance deteriorates as intensity and duration of exercise decreases because we are less able to remove lactic acid - Detraining and reversibility occur - Aerobic capacity reduced (eg. Triathlete will fatigue more quickly and produce slower times)
55
How does altitude affect different intensities (anaerobic)?
Anaerobic (Maximal exercise) - Some power based/high intensity activities are unaffected - Some benefit due to lower air resistance ‘thinner air’ (eg, discus will travel further) - Some deteriorate as we are less able to remove lactic acid (400m)
56
What is the acclimatisation period for 1000-2000m?
3-5 days
57
What is the acclimatisation period for 2000-3000m?
1-2 weeks
58
What is the acclimatisation period for 3000m- 4000m?
2+ weeks
59
What is the acclimatisation period for 5000+ m?
4+ weeks
60
What are the benefits of acclimatisation (physiological adaptations) ?
- Release of EPO from kidneys increase RBC production - Breathing Rate and Ventilation stabilises - Stroke volume and cardiac output is reduced as oxygen extraction is more efficient - Reduced altitude sickness (headaches, poor sleep, lack of appetite and nausea)

A Level PE (9 decks)

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