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A Level PE > Contemporary Issues In Sports > Flashcards

Contemporary Issues In Sports Flashcards

1
Q

What is deviance?

A

Behaviour that differs from the norms/values of a sport
Usually driven by a ‘win at all costs’ attitude = typically seen in high level sport

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2
Q

Name some performance h enhancing drugs (PEDs)

A

Anabolic steroids
Narcotic Analgesics
Human Growth Hormone
EPO
Amphetamines
Beta blockers
Diuretic
Blood doping

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3
Q

What is the physiological enhancement of anabolic steroids?

A

It is a forms of testosterone, which stimulates muscle growth and increased aggression. Therefore, alongside training, it can increase muscle mass. Also increases recovery and repair. Generally used for power, but can be used by any athlete to aid recovery.
Although causes aggression and kidney damage

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4
Q

What is the physiological enhancement of narcotic analgesics.

A

Act as strong painkillers to mask the pain of injury and allow continual training

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5
Q

What is the physiological enhancement of human growth hormone?

A

increases bone, muscle and cartilage growth. Occurs naturally in the body. Improved power and strength.

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6
Q

What is the physiological enhancement of EPO?

A

It’s synthetic hormone stimulating increased red blood cell and oxygen carrying capacity
Improving endurance

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7
Q

What is the physiological enhancement of amphetamines?

A

It is a stimulant that increases alertness and focus by reducing fatigue and reaction time
- Addictive and cause high blood pressure

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8
Q

What is the physiological enhancement of beta blockers ?

A

Controls the heart rate (blocking adrenaline)
Reducing anxiety and nerves

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9
Q

What is the physiological enhancement of diuretics?

A

Rapid weight loss by increasing the amount of water expelled from the body through urine. Also can be used as a masking agent to help either flush illegal drugs out the system or dilute them before drug testing

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10
Q

What are the physiological enhancements of blood doping?

A

removing blood from the body temporarily which is held in storage to stimulate new blood cell creation. This is then re-transfused before the sporting event which will increase red blood cell count = increased O2 carrying capacity. Improved endurance.

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11
Q

Explain the three main reasons why athletes take illegal performance enhancing drugs?

A

Physiological reasons- Improve performance by altering the body physically (i.e. anabolic steroids for increased strength.)
Psychological reasons- Improve performance through altering brain function (i.e. anabolic steroids for increased aggression etc.)

Social reasons
- Pressure to win from coaches, peers, country, politics and media
- Belief everyone else is doing it
- Belief they will not get caught (ahead of drug testing)
- Win at all costs attitude; particularly for fame and fortune/keep sponsors - State sponsored programmes

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12
Q

What are the consequences of drug use?

A

Morality - it is cheating and unfair
Health/well being - serious psychological and physiological side effects
Illegal - leads to punishment
Role modelling - sets a bad example (negative role model = Micheal phelps smoking a bong)

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13
Q

Give an example of an athlete who might consider taking anabolic steroids?

A

Lyle Alzado

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14
Q

Give an example of an athlete who may consider taking HgH (human growth hormone)

A

Dwain Chambers

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15
Q

Give an example of an athlete who has taken EPO or participated in blood doping?

A

Lance Armstrong

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16
Q

Give an example of a tennis player who took a drug to improve his happiness and focus?

A

Andre Agassi - took Crystal Meth (due to pressure from father and depression)

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17
Q

Give an example of an elite female athlete who went to prison for taking a performance enhancing drug?

A

Marion Jones (100-200m runner)
- Took anabolic steroids
- Went to prison for lying to the FEDs

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18
Q

Which female tennis star consumed a drug to improve her performance?

A

Maria Sharapova - took Meldonium which increases vasodilation to improve her endurance

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19
Q

What are the implications/consequences to performers for using performance enhancing drugs?

A

• Improved performance: therefore increases the chance of winning, and gives them an unfair advantage
• Physiological Health: health problems, addiction and lowered life expectancy/death i.e. liver disorders, heart problems, sexual problems etc.
• Psychological Health: mental health issues i.e. Mood swings, behaviour problems, increased aggression, depression
• Punishment: Law breaking of the legal system and/or sport, and consequently athlete may be banned, fined, loose medals/titles
• Reputation: ruined career and reputation

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20
Q

What are the implications/consequences to sport for using performance enhancing drugs?

A

• Values: challenges the concept of fair play in sport
• Sponsors: loss of sponsors for ‘tainted’ sport because of the bad image
• Lowered participation: because of the negative image surrounding the sport, people choose not to participate/ not let children participate in it
• Lowered public support: because of the negative image surrounding the sport, people choose not to spectate and put their money into that sport
• False Records/Results: because the drugs give an unfair advantage to a performer, and are not always caught

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21
Q

What are the implications/consequences for society of performance enhancing drug use ?

A

Negative role models: negative effect on society, particularly the value of healthy lifestyles
• Reflection of society: shows society as ‘win at all costs’ or that sport is a reflection of a
corrupt society with unethical citizens
• Implement ban: society may have to make rules to ban all athletes using drugs
• Legalise/accept drugs: or, society may possibly accept their athletes as drug takers and make it legal
• Drug Testing: enable more effective drug testing processes to be developed in response to new drugs being created

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22
Q

What strategies can be put in place to stop illegal drug use in sport?

A

Stricter punishments: life bans, loss of prize money/sponsorship, loss of medals.
2. Improved testing: stricter, random, more regular testing, out of season testing.
3. Education: of coaches and performers, particularly on the health dangers and legal issues.
4. Legalisation of drugs.
5. Research and increased funding: on newer drug detection
methods.
6. Use of role models: to encourage drugs free sport, ‘name and shame’ cheats.

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23
Q

What uk scheme was created to help educate and prevent young athletes using performance enhancing drugs?

A

100% ME

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24
Q

Name some legal supplements in sport?

A

Bicarbonate
Nitrates
Caffeine
Creatine
Hydration
Carbonloading
Recovery shakes
Glucosamine

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25
Q

What is the purpose of Glucosamine?

A

Maintains cartilage

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26
Q

Compare the use of legal and illegal supplements to improve performance?

A

Both maximise training and performance
Accepted/not by sports administrators
Considered fair play/cheating
Performance enhancement may not/can be significant
Considered safe to use with limited health effects/unsafe with significant negative health effects
Long term side effects remain/long term physical and mental damage unknown

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27
Q

Hat are the advantages of using legal supplements to improve performance?

A

Improve general health and well being
Enhance sporting performance
Physiological benefits - build muscle, stamina, rehydrate, improve recovery
Psychological benefits - alertness and reaction time improve
Easily accessible
Safe to use and within the rules of sport

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28
Q

What are the disadvantages of legal substances on improving performance?

A

Some consider it cheating or bending the rules to gain an advantage
Some health implications such as obersity and tooth decay, abdominal discomfort
Some long term health effects are unknown
Research regarding effect on performance is questionable
Can be expensive
Not available to all athletes

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29
Q

Give 4 examples of player violence?

A

Elizabeth Lambert (football - pulled ponytail of opposition and repetitive shoves)
Manu Tuliagi (Tugby - punched Chris Ashton who shoved him)
Zainadine Zidane (Football - head but opponent in World Cup final)
Luis Suarez (Football - bit opponent)

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30
Q

What is a cause of player and spectator violence?

A
  • Frustration; with referee decisions, score, performance
    • Importance of game/result; monetary reward, cup match, league position decider,
    rivalry, derby
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31
Q

What are the causes of player violence?

A

Provoked/ retaliation; by opponent, by teammates, crowd abuse, racism, violence on pitch copied
• Nature of game; contact sports, rules encourage violence
• Dehumanising Weapons and kit; dehumanising protective gear, equipment which
could be used as weapon i.e. hockey stick
• Drugs; testosterone, ‘roid rage’ from steroids

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32
Q

What are the causes of spectator violence?

A
  • Alcohol/social drugs; people lose their inhibitions, become more brave
    • Poor spectator provision: overcrowding, poor stewarding, poor policing
    • Hooligans; organised violence, looking for a fight, used as an outlet of ‘energy’
    • Deindividuation; loose sense of individual identity in a crowd, and this diminished responsibility can cause violence when you usually wouldn’t be violent (lack of accountability)
    • Imitating violence on the pitch
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33
Q

Explain the Egyptian Riots as an example of spectator violence?

A

Hooliganism of crowd and pitch invasion lead to 74 fan deaths by stones, bottles, knives

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34
Q

Explain how a female tennis athlete became victim to spectator violence?

A

Monica Seles - was stabbed in the back by a German tennis fan who saw her as an obstacle for Steffi Graph (who he wanted to win)

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35
Q

What are the implications of Violence in sport on SOCIETY?

A

Sports performers are role models, so violence may be copied in society
• Put parents off letting their children participate
• Can lead to violence amongst spectators
• sport is a reflection of society, so if there is violence in sport it may be because society has violence in it
• violence in sport could indicate other social issues in wider society

36
Q

What are the implications of violence in sport on the SPORT?

A

Can initiate changes in laws and rules of a sport to make violence less likely
• Sport receives a bad name/profile
• Can reduce participation
• Loss of sponsors
• Loss of public interest/ support
• Can make the sport more entertaining for media and spectators

37
Q

What are the implications of violence on PERFORMERS?

A
  • Punishment/disciplinary or even legal actions
  • Injury and death in some cases
  • Loss of sponsors
  • Become negative role models and it can be detrimental to their career
38
Q

What are the solutions to player violence?

A
  • Rule changes
  • More severe punishments
  • Eudcation
  • More effective officiating
  • Technology
  • Coaches
39
Q

Explain how these solutions combat player violence?

A
  • Rule changes: to minimise violent situations in a sport i.e. no high tackles in rugby
    • Punishments: make disciplinary process more severe, match/season bans to act as a deterrent, possible legal action where appropriate
    • Education: on fair play and their position as role models emphasised, educate on the negative effects violence may have, educated on how to control emotions and stress
    • More effective officiating: to maintain control of game, to catch more violent acts, more qualified officials, more officials in number, give them more autonomy of giving instant punishments
    • Technology: for fairer outcomes to reduce frustration, and to catch foul play after the event i.e. video ref
    • Coaches: encourage a philosophy of assertive behaviour rather than violence.
40
Q

What are the solutions for spectator violence?

A

Stricter punishment
Control of alcohol
Improve spectator facilities
Use CCTV/police hand held cameras
Liaison and law enforcement of police
Promotion as family entertainment

41
Q

Explain the solutions for preventing spectator violence?

A

Stricter punishments: remove
season tickets, legal action
• Control of alcohol: searches at gates, ban alcohol, early kick off times
• Improve spectator facilities: all seated stadiums, separation of fans
• Use of CCTV/ police hand-held cameras: to spot incidents occurring, record any events for evidence
• Liaison and law enforcement of police: share info on potential trouble makers, football banning orders for home and abroad fixtures
• Promotion as family entertainment:
use of family sections within crowd, children based entertainment like mascots, competitions, using social media to build positive relationships between fans, etc.

42
Q

Define what is meant by the term match fixing?

A

When a competition is played to a completely/partly pre-determined result. Usually involves bribing corrupt players, coaches and officials

43
Q

Define what is meant by the term spot fixing?

A

When a specific aspect of a sports competition is illegally pre-determined (eg. A footballer receiving a yellow card)

44
Q

What is illegal sports betting?

A

Placing bets in a competition or aspect if a competition whereby an individual is aware of a predetermined outcome

45
Q

What are the positive impacts of gambling on sport?

A

Financial benefits to the people involved if successful
Offer big sponsorship deals in sport
Adds excitement

46
Q

What are the negative impacts of gambling on sport?

A

Rise in illegal betting in sport
Can cause corruption in sport due to match fixing
Layers can gain gambling problems (become addicted)
Can cause high levels of debt/addiction in society
Growing volume of gambling sponsors which promotes a negative image
Growth of online betting/apps makes it easier to get invoved

47
Q

Give an example of how spot fixing took place in cricket?

A

In the test between England and Pakistan
1st ball of 3rd over - no ball bowled
6th ball of 10th over - no ball bowled

48
Q

Explain why gambling is becoming such a problem in modern sport?

A

Deviance - increased likelihood of match fixing, bribery and corruption
Players and spectators can develop ga,bling problems
Rise in illegal betting
Access to betting online in various forms = easy to access
Increased volume of adverts
Gambling companies provide sponsorships causing negative role models

49
Q

What is commercialisation?

A

Using sport to make a profit
* In sport- mostly achieved through golden triangle *

50
Q

What is the golden triangle ?

A

The relationship between sport, sponsorship and media to generate revenue form sport

51
Q

What factors have led to the commercialisation of sport?

A

Increased advertising in sport
Increased media presence in sport
Increase in sponsorship of athletes/teams aids professionalism
Relationship of golden triangle
Rise of dedicated tv and radio stations to sport
Performers and spectators can now travel worldwide
Greater exposure to variety of sports

52
Q

What is the positive impact of commercialisation on SOCIETY

A

• Increase in economy
• Increase in entertainment quality, which keeps society happy!
• Increase in access to spectating sport =Society can share in celebration of succes
- More sports available to watch may inspire participation and a healthy lifestyle + role models

53
Q

What is the negative impact of commercialisation on SOCIETY

A

• Privately owned, therefore economic benefits will only be felt by very few
• Loss of tradition as it changes sport, which people don’t like
• People tend to spectate rather than participate

54
Q

What is the positive impact of commercialisation on SPORTS

A

• Increase in funding to the sport
• Increase coverage/ exposure of that sport
• Facilitated globalisation, meaning the sport can grow

55
Q

What is the negative impact of commercialisation on SPORTS

A

Less popular sports get less sponsorship
Less media coverage for certain minority sports (females/disabled)
Loss of tradition as it can change rules, timings etc.
Loss of control because the media can dictate things

56
Q

What is the positive impact of commercialisation on PERFORMERS

A

Increased income/ higher wages
Receive necessary equipment/kit plus funds to travel/ have accommodation
Increase in status/ fame
Allows professionalism (sport their full time job)
Increase standard of play

57
Q

What are the negative impacts of commercialisation on PERFORMERS

A

• Pressure to do well
• Win at all costs ethos, which may cause deviance
• Loss of control (i.e. forced to play through injury, forced to wear certain kit)
• Ethics; representing sponsors that aren’t ethically correct (i.e. alcohol and betting companies)

58
Q

What is the positive impact of commercialisation on SPECTATORS

A

• Increased access to sport (24/7)
• Increase in media coverage (type and breadth)
• Better media coverage i.e. instant replay, different angles, replays etc.
• Improved stadia (through investment)

59
Q

What is the negative impact of commercialisation on SPECTATORS

A

Advertising can disrupt sporting action
May spoil viewing enjoyment (increased adverts)
May result in sponsorship or branding not being supported by fan
Can make watching sport less affordable

60
Q

How has modern technology has affected elite level sport including increased/improved..

A

Facilities
Access
Equipment
Safety
Monitoring of exercise

61
Q

Explain how modern technology has affected facilities for elite performers?

A

Elite facilities and rehab (e.g. Loughborough Uni tennis centre)
Different simulated competitive environments ( e.g. surf simulators)
Improved surfaces ( e.g. athletics tracks, 4G playing areas)
Indoor, all weather facilities e.g. indoor 100m track at Brunel University
- Improved analysis of performance (e.g. hypoxic chambers, wind tunnels, force plates, limb kinematics)

62
Q

Explain how modern technology has affected access for elite performers?

A

Prosthetics for disabled athletes e.g. blades for athletics
Wheelchair devices eg. slanted back wheels for tennis players, wide base chairs for basketball
Improved access to buildings and facilities e.g. ramps, swimming pool hoists

63
Q

Explain how modern technology has affected equipment for elite performers?

A

Improved timing devices
Increased skill of performance
Composite materials e.g. tennis rackets (makes them lighter)
Improved design of trainers/footwear eg. Nike Vaporfly
Increased comfort e.g. wicking fabrics

64
Q

How has modern technology affected monitoring of exercise for elite performers.

A

Assessing athlete potential eg.wattbikes for cyclist to determine power output
Health screening devices eg. DEXA scanners for bone density
HR / GPS trackers eg.FitBit, Apple Watch, Garmin
Precision hydration techniques
Physiological lab testing e.g. direct gas analysis
Gait analysis
Aids recovery e.g. ice baths

65
Q

How has modern technology affected the safety of elite sports performers?

A

Decreased risk of injury
Eg. Cricket helmets, shin pads, gum shields, post protectors in rugby

66
Q

How has modern technology aided general participation in sport!?

A

Improved disabled access (pool hoists and ramps)
Adjustable equipment (eg. Basketball hoop)
Outdoor lighting (floodlights)
Composite materials used at different price points (bike frame, golf club)
Helmets and safety equipment
HR monitor, GPS trackers and fitness apps aid motivation
Generates a better understanding of sport rules

67
Q

How has modern technology hindered general participation?

A

Equipment can be expensive which leads to inequalities between performer
Some have an unfair advantage due to cost eg. F1
Win at all cost attitude becomes more important that participation for enjoyment
Development in cars and computers leads to sedentary lifestyle
Potential for increased injury risk eg.bladed boots

68
Q

How has technology helped improve the number of fair outcomes?

A

Instant replays help officials make the right decision and increases accountability
Ensures correct decision eg. VAR, Hawkeye
Improves doping detection
Improves detection of foul play
Ensures record accuracy eg. Timing gates
Fewer disputes and more clarification of goals/tries

69
Q

How has technology had a negative impact on fair outcomes?

A

Access to technology can be limited
It can overrule/undermine an officials decision
Put pressure on officials to make correct decision (increases their anxiety + media highlight mistakes)
Drug testing can’t keep up with drug creation
Technology may be inaccurate
Potential for litigation - easier to find evidence of negligence or criminal behaviour

70
Q

What is the positive impact of modern technology on entertainment?

A

Motion capture analysis can add information eg.distance travelled
Increased through action replay and slow motion playback
Giant screens in stadia
Multiple camera angles - every aspect enjoyed + facilitates punditry
Excitement waiting for technological judgement
Rewind means key moments rewatched during live sport

71
Q

What are the negative impacts of modern technology on entertainment?

A

Decreased fan experience - frustration generated whilst making decision - reduce live attendance
Constant interruption interfere with flow of event
Can make sport more predictable
Takes away the ‘chance’ element of sport eg.goal line tech

72
Q

What are the 5 main factors that have led to commercialisation of sport?

A

Increased professionalism
Increased media interest
Increased interest and spectatorship
Sponsorship
Advertising

73
Q

How does advertising improve commercialisation?

A

Increased opportunity to advertise and product
Creates exposure for brands increasing their revenue
Cheap way to advertise brand

74
Q

How does sponsorship improve commercialisation?

A

Provides money to athletes to associate with brand
Enables business to be advertised through sport
Creates a greater awareness of brand
Increase sales of product to improve profit

75
Q

How does media interest improve commercialisation?

A

Increased number of TV outlets interested in broadcasting sport
Most popular teams get more coverage
Media outlets pay vast sums for TV rights and demand vast sums for advertising
Dedicated sports radio channel
Increased spirt coverage in printed press
Increased availability of online sports broadcasting

76
Q

How has growing spectatorship increased commercialisation!

A

Performers and spectators can now travel worldwide
More people want to watch live sport - more opportunity to sell products
More people want to participate in sport
This increased funding for facilities and participation schemes
Greater exposure to variety of sport

77
Q

How does professionalism lead to commercialisation

A

Athletes have more media commitments due to sponsorship deals
Professional athletes are sponsored by commercial investment
Increased number of professional sports people

78
Q

How has TV evolved form the 1980s?

A

Terrestrial - free to air and sport constantly available (Sunday afternoon)
Protected event s have to be covered by free to air channels like Wimbledon
Satellite and cable subscription - pay to access constant sport
Pay per view - pay additional for one off fee to watch eg. Boxing

79
Q

How has the internet evolved from the 1980s?

A

1983 internet was developed
- News, teams and NGBs
- YouTube access highlights and games
Social media x follow sports teams
Live stream or on demand - watch live footage anytime anywhere eg. Travelling
BETTER COVERAGE

80
Q

How has radio evolved form the 1980s?

A

Local and national radio used to have occasional mentions of sport
Now dedicated radio stations (talk sport)
DAB radio offers variety and ,Evan’s to access non local stations

81
Q

How has written press evolved from 1980s.

A

Newspaper - columns/pages given sports news (one of the most popular ways to get sports results other than Ceefax)
Magazine- sporting specialist magazines with subscription
Form of media is reducing

82
Q

How has media coverage in sport changed since 1980

A

Many different types of media eg.internet
Globalised coverage eg.Olympics and Super Bowl
More coverage (24/7)
Increased amount of pay for subscription coverage
Increasingly important role of social media
Media has growing control over sport eg. Start time
Technology on real time sport controlled eg pause
Creation of sports starts in the media
Wider variety of sports covered

83
Q

What are the 4 stages of becoming elite?

A

Foundation - during school introduction to sport and learning fundamentals
Participation - recreational/extracurricular involvement - choose to participate
Performance - county and regional participation with emphasis on competition and winning
Excellence - national or international level with high levels of coaching and sports science support

84
Q

What are the roles of schools in sporting excellence?

A

Compulsory PE = inclusive
Learn a range of sports
Learn fundamental skills which are transferable
Coaching and facility quality varies
Extra-curricular competitive opportunities i.e. intra- (house comps, sports days) and inter- (fixtures against other schools)
Provide links to local clubs
Offers qualifications (GCSE PE, Sports leader awards, apprenticeships)

85
Q

What are the roles of sports clubs in sporting excellence?

A

Competition is frequent
Specialist coaching
Specialist facilities and equipment
Some clubs provide concessions e.g. help with match fees, gym membership, etc.
Possibility for talent identification/scouts
Can provide basic medical support e.g. physiotherapy

86
Q

What is the role of universities in sporting excellence?

A

Combines performance with study
Many offer sporting scholarships/ bursaries
High quality competition (National level)
Specialist facilities (sometimes centres of excellence)
Involved in sports science research

A Level PE (9 decks)

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