Socio-cultural influences and wellbeing in physical activity and sport Flashcards
Skill
Learned patterns of movement acquired through training enabling athletes to perform effectively with correct technique
Basic Skill
Skills which should be mastered and are learned at a young age, sprinting
Complex Skill
Require more coordination and control, more specific to a sport and take practice to master, eg. Dropshot in squash
Open Skill
Skills affected by external factors
Closed skill
Skills not affected by external factors such as the environment, doesn’t have to consider external factors such as positioning, etc
Self paced skill
Performance is decided by the performer and there are no external factors
Externally paces skill
Other factors in the environment decide when one carries out a skilled action
Gross skill
Skill involving the use of large muscular contractions
Fine skill
Skill involving the use of smaller muscular contractions
Personal performance goals
Helps athletes to focus on an aspect of performance where personal standards can be achieved.
Not compared to any other external performances
Outcome goals
Goals that focus on the end result and winning
SMART Targets
S - specific M - Measurable A - Accepted R - Realistic T - Time bound
Basic Information Processing Model
Input –> Decision Making –> Output –> Feedback
Basic Information Processing Model (INPUT)
Detecting information from display
Basic Information Processing Model (DECISION MAKING)
Selection of appropriate responses from long term and short term memory
Basic Information Processing Model (OUTPUT)
Information sent to muscles to carry out the response
Visual guidance
Guidance in the form of something that the performer can see
Verbal guidance
Guidance in the form of talking and describing
Manual guidance
Involves a coach physically moving the player into correct position to perform a skill
Mechanical guidance
When objects or aids are used to assist in the coaching process, eg. Cones to dribble through
Which form of guidance is best for beginners?
Visual and manual, where the coach can physically guide their technique to perfect skills
Which form of guidance is best for professionals?
Verbal and mechanical, so verbally they can be given feedback which is easier to understand at high level performance and mechanically, technique is already good so mechanical guidance can be used to strengthen and become more consistent at performing the skill
Advantages and Disadvantages of positive feedback
Motivates performer
But can emphasise positive aspects too highly and not dwell on weaknesses which need to be improved
Advantages and Disadvantages of negative feedback
Enables coach to provide guidance and focus on mistakes for improvement
Can demoralise performer, especially beginners
May put them off the sport
Advantages and Disadvantages of intrinsic feedback
Performers can make immediate adjustments
However requires a high level of knowledge, better suited for a professional
Advantages and Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback
Player is made aware by coach to learn how to correct mistakes which the player may not recognise
However difficult to get the advice and help from a qualified coach
Arousal
Level of readiness and excitement to perform, and is linked to psychological and physical processes
Inverted U theory
- As arousal increases, performance increases.
- At optimum arousal, the performance is at its high
- At too high arousal, performance decreases
How does the inverted U theory differ between skills performed?
In gross skills, level of optimal arousal is higher than in fine skills when trying to optimise performance
How can arousal be controlled?
- Deep breathing
- Mental rehearsal / Visualisation / Imagery
- Positive self talk
Deep breathing
- Psychological process
- Helps to reduce anxiety
Self talk
Psychological process, the voice in our heads
Positive
- gives performer confidence
Negative
- demoralises performer
Imagery
Performer imagines themselves being successful in their performance
- Aids confidence
Mental rehearsal
Performer pictures themselves executing a skill and practices this skill in their mind with correct technique
- Helps to perform correctly and efficiently
Indirect aggression
- Aggression which does not involve physical contact
- Taken out on an object to gain an advantage
Direct aggression
- Aggression involving physical contact
Direct aggression
- Aggression involving physical contact
- Punch in boxing
Characteristics of an Introvert
- Shy / Quiet
- Thoughtful
- Enjoy being on their own
- Play sports requiring concentration, precision (fine skills)
- Low arousal is required
- Solo sports
Characteristics of an extrovert
- Enjoy sociable situations
- Enthusiastic / talkative
- Prone to boredom when isolated
- Play fast paced sports
- Gross skills used
- Team sports
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes from within the performer
More likely to lead to continued effort and participation
Generally deemed more effective
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes externally from the performer
Results in feelings of pride and self-satisfaction
However performer can become over-reliant on extrinsic motivation
