Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Head / Neck
Cranium and Vertebrae
Shoulder
Scapula
Arm
Humerus, Radius, Ulna (under)
Chest
Ribs / Sternum
Hip
Pelvis
Leg
Femur, Tibia, Fibula (small)
Knee
Patella
Ankle, hands
Talus, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
Short Bones
- Enable fine movements
Long Bones
- Enable gross movements
Flat Bones
Protection of vital organs
Function of Skeletal System
- Support
- Protection of vital organs
- Movement
- Storage of minerals
- Blood cell production
Latissimus Dorsi
Lats
Deltoid
Anterior Deltoid, Lateral Deltoid, Posterior Deltoid
Rotator Cuffs
Group of muscles and tendons in shoulder
Pectorals
Chest
Biceps
Dont be retarded
Triceps
Dont be retarded
Abdominals
Abs
Hip Flexors
Around hips
Gluteals
Bunda
Hamstrings
Behind thighs
Quads
Front of thighs
Gastrocnemius
Calves
Tibialis Anterior
Shins
Tendons
Attaches muscle to bone
Ligaments
Attaches bone to bone
Structure of a synovial joint
- Synovial Membrane
- Synovial Fluid
- Joint Capsule
- Bursa
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
Synovial Membrane
Releases synovial fluid into the joint
Synovial Fluid
Lubricates joint, reducing friction between bones
Bursa
Small fluid filled sac cushioning and reducing friction between tendons and bone
Joint Capsule
outer sleeve holding bones together, protecting joint
Hinge Joints
- Bones move in one direction only
- Full flexion and extension
- Synovial joint
Ball and Socket joints
- Allows movement in almost every direction
- Flexible
- Synovial Joint
Flexion / Extension
- Shoulder
- Elbow
- Knee
- Hip
Shoulder (joint movements)
- Abduction, Adduction
- Rotation
- Circumduction
- Flexion, Extension
Plantar Flexion / Dorsiflexion
Ankle
Agonist
Muscle contracting
Antagonist
Relaxing muscle
Concentric
Shortening and fattening of the muscle
Eccentric
Lengthening on the downward phase during tension
Pathway of air
Mouth / Nose Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Lungs Alveoli
Properties of Arteries
- Thick outer wall
- Thick inner layer of muscle
- Narrow Lumen (pressure)
Properties of a Vein
- Thin outer Wall
- Thin inner layer of muscle
- Wide lumen (more blood flow)
- Valves
pathway of blood
- Right atrium (DOB)
- Right ventricle (DOB)
- Pulmonary artery (DOB)
- Lungs (OB)
- Pulmonary vein (OB)
- Left atrium (OB)
- Left ventricle (OB)
- Aorta (OB)
- Rest of body (OB)
Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
During inspiration
- Intercostal muscles contract
- Diaphragm contracts
Increases thoracic cavity, pressure decreases, drawing in air
During expiration
- Intercostal muscles relax
- Diaphragm relaxes
Decreases thoracic cavity, increasing pressure, causing exhalation
What effect does the pecs have on inspiration during EXERCISE?
Pecs can cause the lungs to expand more
What effect does the abs have on expiration during EXERCISE?
abs can pull down ribcage quicker so forces air OUT quicker
What does a spirometer trace do?
Measurements for tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume
Inspiratory reserve volume -
Maximum amount of additional air that can be taken in after a normal breath
Expiratory reserve volume -
Maximum amount of additional air that can be exhaled out of the lungs after a normal breath
Residual volume -
Amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal out breath (air kept in lungs to prevent microscopic structures from being damaged)
Tidal Volume -
The amount of air breathed in with each normal breath (avg. 500ml)
Anaerobic respiration, formula
Respiration in the absence of oxygen.
Glucose -> lactic acid + energy
What is EPOC?
Oxygen debt
Immediate effects of exercise
- Sweat
- Vasodilation
- Breathing rate increases (depth too)
- Increased heart rate
Short-term effects of exercise
- Fatigue / Tiredness
- Nausea
- DOMS
- Aching, cramp
DOMS
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness
due to tears in muscle fibres
Long-term effects of exercise
- Improvements in specifc components of fitness
- Hypertrophy
- Building Strength
- ## Improved muscular endurance
