Society Flashcards
What and when were the two main revolts?
Germania (1519-21/24 officially) and Communeros (1520-21)
Who were the Germania?
A Christian brotherhood who defended the valencian coasts.
What caused the Germania revolt?
- grievances with local Muslims and the powerful nobles who protected them
- believed this protection and tolerance was what caused the plague
- complaints against Charles for continuously postponing the Valencian cortes
Who mainly supported the Germania revolt?
middle and lower classes
Outline the course of the Germania revolt.
- august 1519, armed mobs attacked Inquisition in Valencia for its leniency
- lead by Juan Llorenz, a governing committee of 13 seized the city (they planned to remodel the city in the image of the venetian republic)
- they then sent a representative to Charles in Catalonia to confirm their rights and he accepted to avoid summoning a cortes and this acted as a catalyst for the revolt
- overpowered governor of Valencia’s army in Gandia in 1521
- revolt spread to malaga
- moors were kidnapped and murdered or forcefully baptised
Outline how the revolt ended.
- Vicent Peris took charge and support waned as he was too radical for most
- he attacked moors in the south leaving Valencia unguarded and the Marquis of Zenete took this gap and defeated Peris
- october 1521 Mendoza destroyed Germania forces
- came to an end the following year
How many rebels were executed?
800
When did the revolt officially end?
March 1523
Who issued a general pardon for the Germania rebels? When?
viceroy in Valencia Germaine de Foix in December 1524.
What caused the Communeros revolt?
- fears Charles would not return and that Spain would lose its identity within the empire
- didn’t like how often he was asking for money
- in 1520, people petitioned that Charles: live in Castile, follow the traditions of his grandparents, and stop appointing Flemish advisors
note: Elliot argues that the seeds had already been sown under F&I, citing the implementation of corregidores as an example as they were much hated; Halicazar notes that a wealthy and growing middle class were becoming angry at the political dominance of the nobility
Outline the events of the Communeros revolt.
- Toledo and Salamanca refused to send representatives to 1520 cortes in Santiago
- there were fears about Charles’ priorities and the towns called for closer regulation of royal officials and exclusion of foreigners from Government as well as fiscal reforms
- wanted a reduction in the Alcabala to its previous rate and abolition of subsides that were voted in Cortes
- demanded that Charles marry and reduce expenditure
- revolt was directly correlated to economic issues and stemmed from the textiles industry
- Adrien of Utrecht issued an order to punish Segovia as his order led to a fire in Medina del Campo, exacerbating tensions
- caused a number of towns to unite and for the Santa Junta Comunidada. Uprisings were widespread in Zamora, Salamanca, Tova and Madrid, among other places. Bishop of Zamora joined the rebellion and seized Valladolid
Outline how the communeros revolt ended.
- Charles made small concessions
- Junta declared themselves to be for the kingdom not the king and this alienated moderates
- shift from political to social rebellion caused divides, particularly amongst reformers and revolutionaries
- aristocracy came to Charles’ defence and the revolt
- battle of villalar 1521 communeros defeated and leaders Bravo and Padilla captured and executed
- Tordesillas reseized and sacked in 1520
- Toledo surrendered in oct 1521
- Bishop of Zamora was executed for treason same month
What towns did the communeros revolt spread to?
Toro, Salamanca, Zamora, Madrid, Guadalajara, Alcala, Soria, Avila, Murcia, Cuenca
How many cities in the cortes did the Junta represent?
14 out of 18
What concessions were made by Charles?
- stopped collecting servicio
- no more foreigners appointed to Castilian offices
- the constable and the admiral joined Adrian as regent
