Foreign Policy (Turks/Africa) Flashcards
When did the Ottomans seize Tripoli?
1551
When did the Ottomans seize Bougie?
1555
When and by whom was the Pirate Commonwealth founded?
Barbarossa - 1516
What was Charles’s emblem and what were its connotations?
The Pillars of Hercules with the words Plus Oultre (still further). The pillars represented the herculean task of fighting Islam.
When did the Turks besiege Vienna? When did Charles mobilise an army? What was the outcome?
1529 and then Charles decided to intervene in 1532 - they withdrew and peace was reached
Where did Charles attempt to siege in 1541 and what was the outcome?
Algiers - a storm wrecked the fleet forcing him to withdraw. Doria had advised against the attack as it was too late in the year but Charles disregarded his counsel.
Why did Charles want Algiers?
- headquarters of the Pirate Commonwealth and a credible Mediterranean power
- 1518 people of Algiers places themselves under the Sultan’s protection
- 1525 administrative headquarters for the Ottomans
Which of Ferdinand’s acquisitions was Charles able to retain?
Oran and Mers-el-Kebir
Where did Charles gain in 1532/33?
Coron and Patras in Greece
When did Charles start dealing with the Ottomans in North Africa?
1529
When and by whom was Louis II of Hungary defeated? What was the name of the battle in which he died?
29 August 1526 by the janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent at the battle of Mohacs.
Why did Charles provide limited support to Hungary?
- his subjects were reluctant to provide support to foreign wars in Europe that did not concern Spain
- did not have enough military of financial resources
What did the immediacy of the Ottoman threat force Charles to do?
Make peace with German Lutherans through the Peace of Nuremberg in May 1532. This went against Charles religious aims.
When were the Knights of St John established in Malta? What did this do?
1530 - placed Charles in a stronger position to reverse Ottoman gains and challenge their increasing hold on the Mediterranean
Which naval commander defected from the French and when? What did this do for Charles?
Andrea Doria in July 1528 - he transferred his fleet to the empire. Prior to this Charles did not have a permanent navy and could only establish one through contracts with private ship owners.
What events occurred in 1529?
- Muslim raid on the Valencian coast
- Barbarossa seized Penon de Velez
- Ottomans defeated a Spanish fleet in Ibiza
What gains did the Ottomans make in 1534? Why was this significant?
Tunis and the fortress that guarded it, La Goleta, from Spain’s Moorish ally, Mulay Hassan. This was significant as they commanded the narrow seas between Sicily and Africa.
When did the Spanish regain their 1534 losses?
1535 with an expedition led by Doria
What is R Trevor Davies critique of Charles’s dealings with the Ottomans?
That his commanders should have placed greater focus on pursuing Barbarossa and that his escape ‘made the success more apparent than real.’
Why could Charles’s commanders not have pursued Barbarossa?
Because it was late in the campaigning season and his troops were sick and tired
What was established in 1538 and why?
A new holy league in response to the venetian call for assistance.
Battle of Preveza
1538 - between holy league and Barbarossa. Imperial navy was brought to a standstill
When did Barbarossa sack Gibraltar?
1539
When did Barbarossa die? Who was his successor?
1546 - Dragut
When did the Spanish lose Penon de Velez?
1554
How effective were policies against the Ottomans?
Any success the Spanish had was less so on Charles’s part and more so down to the competence of his commanders, such as Doria.
